Relativism

Japanese: 相対主義 - そうたいしゅぎ(英語表記)relativism
Relativism
It is against absolutism. It is a position that preaches the relativity of knowledge and value. In terms of the history of philosophy, it was first advocated by the sophists Gorgias and Protagoras, whose assertion that "man is the measure of all things" shows that knowledge and value are only valid relative to the individual, and its position can be said to be subjective relativism. Relativism can be linked to skepticism because it does not recognize the universal validity of knowledge and value, and is critical of theology and metaphysics. In the Renaissance and modern times, M. Montaigne was a moralist, T. Hobbes was a utilitarian, and J. Locke and D. Hume were empiricists and took the position of skeptical relativism. I. Kant recognized the relativity of empirical knowledge from the standpoint of a priori philosophy, and in that he preached a priori knowledge, it can be said to be a critical relativist. In the 19th and 20th centuries, A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, W. Dilthey in the philosophy of life, JP Sartre in existentialism, and W. James in pragmatism all took the position of relativism. The Neo-Kantian school distinguished between existence and value, and preached the relativity of value. Regarding value, there is the position of ethical relativism, which holds that standards of good and evil are only valid relatively. Dialectical materialism recognizes the relativity of truth, but is distinguished from so-called relativism in that it aims to approach absolute truth.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
絶対主義に対するもの。認識,価値の相対性を説く立場。哲学史的には,最初ゴルギアス,プロタゴラスらのソフィストたちによって主張され,プロタゴラスの「人間は万物の尺度である」という主張は知識,価値が個人との関係において相対的にしか妥当しないことを表わしており,その立場は主観的相対主義であるといえよう。相対主義は知識,価値の普遍妥当性を認めないところから懐疑主義と結びつく可能性があり,神学,形而上学に対して批判的であり,ルネサンス,近代では,M.モンテーニュはモラリストの,T.ホッブズは功利主義の,J.ロック,D.ヒュームは経験論の立場から懐疑論的相対主義の立場をとった。 I.カントは先験哲学の立場から経験的認識の相対性を認め,先天的認識を説いた点において批判主義的相対主義の立場に立つといえよう。 19,20世紀では,A.ショーペンハウアー,F.ニーチェ,生の哲学では W.ディルタイ,実存主義では J. P.サルトル,プラグマティズムでは W.ジェームズらが相対主義の立場に立っている。また新カント学派では存在と価値とが区別され,価値の相対性が説かれた。また価値に関しては,善悪の規準が相対的にしか妥当しないとする倫理学的相対主義の立場がある。なお弁証法的唯物論は真理の相対性を認めるが,しかし絶対的真理への接近を目指す点においていわゆる相対主義と区別される。

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