Whitman, Walt(er)

Japanese: ホイットマン（英語表記）Whitman， Walt(er)

Born May 31, 1819 in West Hills, New York
[Died] March 26, 1892. Camden, New Jersey. American poet. Born to a farming family that also worked as a carpenter, he moved to Brooklyn at the age of four, dropped out of public school in 1830, and worked as an errand boy for a law firm and a doctor, a printer, and an elementary school teacher, before becoming a newspaper reporter in 1841. He edited several Democratic newspapers, but came into conflict with the conservative wing of the party and joined the Free Soil Party, which was formed by the left wing, but eventually became disillusioned with the world of politics. During this time, he was constantly exposed to the lives of the people in the big city of New York, and his faith in democracy deepened. In July 1855, he published a collection of poems called Leaves of Grass, which is 95 pages long, includes a preface, and 12 untitled poems. Although Emerson and others highly praised his poems for their unrestrained verse and content, which were completely different from traditional poetry, he was not well received by the general public. However, the poems titled "Song of Myself" in later editions are his representative works, in which the poet's ego expands and becomes one with everything. This collection of poems went through nine editions, with revisions and additions until his death. From the second edition onwards, there were more poems praising the body, and "Children of Adam," added in the third edition, sings of heterosexual love, while "Calamus" sings of homosexual love. With the outbreak of the Civil War, he nursed wounded soldiers, and wrote many poems about death, such as "Drum-Taps" (1865) and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" (66), written on the occasion of the assassination of President Lincoln. In 1971, he published Democratic Vistas, a work that described the future of democracy, criticizing the current state of democracy as lacking in personal qualities. His other works include Specimen Days and Collect (82). His dynamic poetic form influenced the later free verse movement, and his attitude of enjoying life through the expansion of the self influenced T. Woolf, H. Miller, and others.

Whitman
Whitman Corp.

A former American conglomerate holding company. Founded in 1962 as Illinois Central Industries. Renamed IC Industries in 1975. Changed name to Whitman in 1988. Developed as a holding company for Pepsi-Cola General Bottlers, a soft drink business. In 1988, it separated the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad, the company's origin, to strengthen its food division. It also had Hussman, an air conditioning and refrigeration equipment manufacturer, and Midas International, which sold and serviced auto parts using a chain of stores, under its umbrella, but separated them in 1998. In 2000, it acquired Pepsi Americas, a competitor, and changed its name to Pepsi Americas the following year in 2001. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo in 2009.

Whitman
Whitman, Marcus

Born: September 4, 1802, Rushville, New York, USA
Died November 29, 1847. Wailatop, Washington, USA. American physician and Congregational Church missionary. Pioneer in Oregon. As a member of the missionary group, he taught farming, milling, irrigation, and other medical treatment to the Flathead and Nez Perce Indians, the indigenous peoples of the Northwest. He crossed the continent on horseback to the capital, Washington, DC, to report on the current conditions in the frontier, and led a group of white settlers in the Columbia River basin in Oregon. In 1847, the Cayuse tribe, which was suffering from a measles epidemic, attacked the area, believing that white people were spreading the disease. He and his wife were killed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1819.5.31. ニューヨーク，ウェストヒルズ
[没]1892.3.26. ニュージャージー，カムデン
アメリカの詩人。大工を兼業とする農家に生れ，4歳のときにブルックリンに移り，1830年公立学校を中退，法律事務所や医師の使い走り，印刷工，小学校の教師などをし，41年から新聞記者となる。民主党系のいくつかの新聞の編集にたずさわり，党内の保守層と対立，左派の結成した自由土地派に加わったが，やがて政治の世界に幻滅した。この頃，大都会ニューヨークの民衆の生活に絶えず触れ，民主主義に対する信頼を深めた。 55年7月，本文 95ページ，序文と 12編の無題詩から成る詩集『草の葉』 Leaves of Grassを出版。伝統的な詩とはまったく違う奔放な詩法と内容のため，エマソンらには絶賛されたものの，一般にはあまり受入れられなかったが，特にのちの版で「僕自身の歌」 Song of Myselfと名づけられる詩篇は，詩人の自我が拡大し，あらゆるものと合一してゆく，代表作である。この詩集は，以後死ぬまで改訂や増補を加え，9版を数える。第2版以降，肉体を賛美する詩が多くなり，第3版で加えられた「アダムの子供たち」 Children of Adamは異性間の，「カラマス」 Calamusは同性間の愛情を歌っている。南北戦争勃発とともに負傷兵の看護にあたり，『軍鼓の響き』 Drum-Taps (1865) やリンカーン大統領暗殺の際の「先頃ライラックの花が前庭に咲いたとき」 When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd (66) など，死に関する詩も多い。 71年には民主主義の未来像を述べた『民主主義の展望』 Democratic Vistasを発表，人格的な要素を欠いた民主主義の現状を批判した。ほかに『自選日記』 Specimen Days and Collect (82) などがある。その躍動する詩型はのちの自由詩運動に，また自我の拡大による生の享受の姿勢は，T.ウルフ，H.ミラーらに影響を及ぼした。

ホイットマン
Whitman Corp.

アメリカ合衆国のかつての複合企業持株会社。1962年にイリノイ・セントラル・インダストリーズとして設立。1975年にアイシー（IC）・インダストリーズと改称。1988年ホイットマンに社名変更。ソフトドリンク事業のペプシ＝コーラ・ゼネラル・ボトラーズの持株会社として発展。1988年に同社の起源でもあるイリノイ・セントラル・ガルフ鉄道を切り離し，食品部門を強化した。空調・冷蔵設備製造のハスマン，チェーン店を利用して自動車の部品販売やサービスを行なうマイダス・インターナショナルも傘下に擁していたが，1998年分離した。2000年同業のペプシアメリカズを買収し，翌 2001年社名をペプシアメリカズに変更した。2009年ペプシコの完全子会社となった。

ホイットマン
Whitman， Marcus

[生]1802.9.4. アメリカ，ニューヨーク，ラッシュビル
[没]1847.11.29. アメリカ，ワシントン，ワイラトプ
アメリカの医師，会衆派教会宣教師。オレゴン地方の開拓者。宣教師団の一員として北西部地方の先住民族であるフラットヘッド族，ネズ・パース族インディアンに耕作，製粉業，灌漑法などを教え医療に従事。みずから馬で大陸を横断して首都ワシントン D.C.におもむき開拓地の実情を訴え，白人開拓団を引率してオレゴンのコロンビア川流域への入植を指導した。 1847年麻疹 (はしか) の流行にあったカイユーズ族が，白人が病気を広めていると信じて来襲。彼は夫人とともに殺害された。

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