Izu Province - Izu no Kuni

The old name of the province consisting of the Izu Peninsula and the Izu Islands. Zushu. One of the 15 provinces along the Tokaido. The name is said to come from "Yuzu" (hot springs) because of the many hot springs in the area. The Kujihongi states that the Izu Kuni no Miyatsuko was appointed during the reign of Empress Jingu, and the Nihonshoki states that in the 5th year of the reign of Emperor Ojin, he ordered the construction of light boats in Izu Province. The Fuso Ryakki also states that in 680 (the 9th year of the reign of Emperor Tenmu), Izu Province was newly established with two counties, Kamo and Tagata, from Suruga Province. The Engishiki states that Izu Province is made up of three counties, Tagata, Naka, and Kamo, and in the early modern period, Kimisawa was newly established, making it a total of four counties. The provincial capital was originally located in Tagata-gun, Tagata-gun, but it is believed to have been moved to Mishima later. Kokubunji Temple and Kokubunji Nunnery were also built in Mishima. In ancient times, exile was established in 724 (Jinki 1) in distant and nearby provinces, and Izu became a province of exile. After that, important figures such as Tachibana Hayanari (Jowa Incident), Tomo Yoshio (Otenmon Incident), Monk Renmo (Anna Incident), Minamoto Tametomo (Hogen Rebellion), and Minamoto Yoritomo (Heiji Rebellion) were exiled. At the end of the Heian period, Izu was divided into clans, including the Ito clan, the Kano clan, and the Hojo clan. Among these, Minamoto no Yoritomo spent 20 years in Hirugashima (present-day Izunokuni City) from 1160 (Eiraku 1) until he raised his army in 1180 (Jisho 4). As a result, there were a series of notable incidents involving samurai from the Kamakura to Muromachi periods. These include the imprisonment and assassination of the second shogun, Yoriie, at Shuzenji, the establishment of the Horikoshi Imperial Palace (Izunokuni City) by Ashikaga Masatomo (younger brother of shogun Yoshimasa) in 1457 (Choroku 1), and the destruction of the Horikoshi Imperial Palace and the construction of Nirayama Castle by Hojo Soun. Soun also pursued Omori Fujiyori in Odawara, solidifying the foundation for the control of the Kanto region by the Later Hojo clan. During Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Siege of Odawara in 1590 (Tensho 18), Yamanaka Castle (Hakone) and Nirayama Castle were important defensive points, and Hojo Ujinori's Nirayama Castle in particular put up a good fight.

After the fall of the Hojo clan, Izu became the territory of Tokugawa Ieyasu, with Naito Nobunari in Nirayama and Toda Takatsugu in Shimoda. After 1601 (Keicho 6), no daimyo was placed in Izu, and it became a mixed area of ​​Tenryo, Hatamoto domain, and Daimyo domain (Odawara, Numazu, Kakegawa domain). Tenryo was ruled by the Mishima magistrate, and later passed to the Egawa clan, the Nirayama magistrate. At the end of the Edo period, a famous magistrate, Egawa Tan'an (Tarozaemon Hidetatsu), appeared and was active in coastal defense and diplomacy, leaving behind achievements such as the reverberatory furnace in Izu, the restoration of Russian ships in Heda, and the construction of Western-style ships. The Nirayama Magistrate's Territory covered five provinces: Sun, Su, Ko, Bu, and So, and in 1868 (Meiji 1), this became Nirayama Prefecture. Izu was incorporated into Ashigara Prefecture in 1871, and was incorporated into Shizuoka Prefecture when Ashigara Prefecture was divided in 1876. The Izu Islands were incorporated into Tokyo Prefecture in 1878, where they remain to this day.

Izu's industries are largely forestry-related, centered on Mt. Amagi, and it is known for shipbuilding since the ancient Izu-tebune boats, as well as the production of charcoal, wasabi, shiitake mushrooms, and paper in the early modern period. Stone quarrying is also popular, and stone was used for Edo Castle and the Shinagawa Battery. Fishing is also thriving due to the abundance of seafood, and Izubushi (dried bonito flakes) and Tengusa are well known. Izu is not rich in mineral resources, but it has many hot springs, and its gold mines, which have existed since the Middle Ages, are known for their high production in the early Edo period. Temples and shrines include Mishima Taisha Shrine, which has been deeply revered by samurai since Yoritomo's conversion, Izuyama Gongen in Atami, Shuzenji Temple, Kokushoji Temple (one of the Ten Temples of Kanto), and Ganjojuin Temple of the Hojo clan.

[Masayuki Nakata]

"Shizuoka Prefecture History" (1930, Shizuoka Prefecture) ▽ "Shizuoka Prefecture Compiled: Shizuoka Prefecture Historical Materials, 5 Volumes (1932-1941, Kadokawa Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

伊豆半島と伊豆諸島からなる旧国名。豆州(ずしゅう)。東海道十五か国の一つ。国名は、当地に温泉の多いことから「湯出(ゆず)」に由来するという。『旧事本紀(くじほんぎ)』には神功(じんぐう)皇后のとき伊豆国造(くにのみやつこ)が任じられたとあり、『日本書紀』には応神(おうじん)天皇5年伊豆国に軽舟の建造を命じたとある。また『扶桑略記(ふそうりゃっき)』には680年（天武天皇9）駿河(するが)国の賀茂(かも)、田方(たがた)の2郡をもって伊豆国を新設したとある。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』では田方、那賀(なか)、賀茂の3郡、近世には君沢(くんたく)を新設して4郡をもって構成される。国府は最初田方郡田京(たきょう)にあったが、のち三島(みしま)に移ったと考えられている。国分寺、国分尼寺も三島に建立された。古代の流刑(るけい)は724年（神亀1）遠国(おんごく)、近国(きんごく)が定められ、伊豆は遠流(おんる)の国となった。以後、橘逸勢(たちばなのはやなり)（承和(じょうわ)の変）、伴善男(とものよしお)（応天門(おうてんもん)の変）、僧連茂(れんも)（安和(あんな)の変）、源為朝(ためとも)（保元(ほうげん)の乱）、源頼朝(よりとも)（平治(へいじ)の乱）などの重要人物が配流された。平安末の伊豆には伊東氏、狩野(かのう)氏、北条氏などが割拠していた。このなかで源頼朝は1160年（永暦1）から1180年（治承4）の挙兵まで20年間を蛭ヶ島(ひるがしま)（現、伊豆の国市）で過ごした。このため鎌倉から室町期にかけて武士にかかわる著名な事件が相次いだ。修禅寺(しゅぜんじ)における2代将軍頼家の幽閉、暗殺、1457年（長禄1）足利政知(あしかがまさとも)（将軍義政(よしまさ)の弟）の堀越御所の開設（伊豆の国市）、北条早雲(そううん)の堀越御所の討滅と韮山城築城などがそれである。早雲はさらに小田原の大森藤頼(ふじより)を追って、後北条(ごほうじょう)氏の関東支配の基礎を固めた。1590年（天正18）の豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の小田原征伐に際し、山中城（箱根）、韮山城が重要防御点であったが、ことに北条氏規(うじのり)の韮山城が善戦した。

　北条氏滅亡後、伊豆は徳川家康の所領となり、内藤信成(のぶなり)が韮山に、戸田尊次(とだたかつぐ)が下田に配された。1601年（慶長6）以後伊豆には大名は置かれず、天領と旗本領、大名領（小田原、沼津、掛川藩）の混在地となった。天領は三島代官が支配、のち韮山代官江川氏にかわった。幕末には名代官江川坦庵(たんなん)（太郎左衛門英龍(ひでたつ)）が現れ、海防、外交に活躍、伊豆の反射炉、戸田(へだ)でのロシア船修復、洋式船建造などの業績を残した。韮山代官支配天領は駿(すん)・豆(ず)・甲(こう)・武(ぶ)・相(そう)の5か国にわたり、1868年（明治1）そのまま韮山県となった。伊豆は1871年足柄(あしがら)県に編入され、1876年足柄県分割に伴い静岡県に編入された。伊豆諸島は1878年東京府に編入され、現在に至っている。

　伊豆の産業は天城山(あまぎさん)を中心とした林業に関するものが多く、古代の伊豆手船(てぶね)以来の造船、近世の炭、ワサビ、シイタケ、紙などの生産が知られる。また、石の切り出しも盛んで、江戸城、品川台場にも使用された。海産物の豊富なことから漁業も盛んであり、伊豆節（鰹節(かつおぶし)）、テングサなどが知られる。鉱山資源は豊富でないが、温泉が多く、中世以来の金山も江戸初期には産出量が多かったことで知られる。寺社では、頼朝の帰依以来武家の信仰の厚い三嶋大社、熱海(あたみ)の伊豆山権現(ごんげん)、修禅寺、国清寺(こくしょうじ)（関東十刹(じっさつ)）、北条氏の願成就院(がんじょうじゅいん)などがある。

［仲田正之］

『『静岡県史』（1930・静岡県）』▽『静岡県編『静岡県史料』全5巻（1932～1941・角川書店）』

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