Lobe-finned fishes of the class Lobe-finned fishes. Lobe-finned fishes were once recognized as a taxonomic group consisting of three groups: Coelacanthimorpha, Rhizodontimorpha, and Osteolepimorpha, which includes the order Porolepiformes, but today Lobe-finned fishes are not considered to be a natural group. Coelacanths are probably the sister group of all other lobe-finned fishes, the porolepid fishes the sister group of lungfishes, and the osteolepids the sister group of tetrapods. However, there are many different opinions about the relationships of these lobe-finned fishes. Coelacanths have fossils found from the middle of the Devonian period to the end of the Mesozoic era. They were thought to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period, but a living individual was discovered on the east coast of South Africa in 1938, and two species are known to be alive today. Generally, four families are recognized, three of which consist only of fossil species. In addition, there are many species of unknown affiliation whose relative relationships are unclear. Coelacanths have a skull divided into front and rear parts, with the brain housed in the rear. The front and rear parts are articulated, allowing the front part to move. Coelacanths are characterized by having two throat plates and a tail fin on both tails, with the fin rays directly articulated to the caudal vertebrae. Rhizodonts are a family of seven genera known from the Late Devonian to the Early Carboniferous, and are considered to be a sister group of osteolopidae and tetrapods. Osteolepids have been found in fossils dating from the Middle Devonian to the Early Permian, with some reaching up to 4 metres in length. Their bodies were covered with thick, diamond-shaped scales. Seven families have been recognised, of which the Panderichthyidae is considered a sister group to the tetrapods, due to the close similarity of teeth and dorsal skull bones to Ichthyostega and many other labyrinthodonts. [Yoshitaka Yabumoto] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
肉鰭(にくき)綱総鰭亜綱の魚類。総鰭類はかつてはシーラカンス類Coelacanthimorpha、リゾドゥス類Rhizodontimorpha、ポロレピス目Porolepiformesを含むオステオレピス類Osteolepimorphaの三つのグループからなる分類群として認められていたが、今日では、総鰭類は自然群ではないと考えられている。シーラカンス類はおそらくほかのすべての肉鰭類の姉妹群であり、ポロレピス目魚類は肺魚の姉妹群、オステオレピス類は四足動物の姉妹群と考えられている。しかし、これら肉鰭類の類縁関係については多くの異なる意見がある。 シーラカンス類はデボン紀の中ごろから中生代の終わりにかけて化石が発見されている。白亜紀の終わりに絶滅したと考えられていたが、1938年に南アフリカ東岸で生きた個体が発見され、現生は2種が知られている。おおむね4科が認められており、そのうち3科は化石種のみで構成されている。このほかに類縁のはっきりしない所属不明の種が多く存在する。シーラカンス類は頭蓋(ずがい)骨が前部と後部に分かれており、脳は後部に納められている。前部と後部は関節し、前部を動かすことができる。2枚の喉板(こうばん)があること、尾びれが両尾で鰭条が直接尾椎(びつい)に関節していることなどの特徴を有する。 リゾドゥス類はデボン紀後期から石炭紀前期にかけて1科7属が知られており、オステオレピス類と四足動物の姉妹群と考えられている。 オステオレピス類はデボン紀中期からペルム紀前期にかけて化石が発見されており、大きなものでは4メートルに達するものがいた。体は分厚い菱(ひし)形の鱗(うろこ)で覆われていた。7科が認められており、そのうちのパンデリクチス科Panderichthyidaeは、イクチオステガIchthyostegaやほかの多くの迷歯類と歯や頭部背面の骨がきわめて類似していることから、四足動物の姉妹群と考えられている。 [籔本美孝] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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