Koto - So

Japanese: 箏 - そう
Koto - So

A long-bodied, plucked string instrument of the zither family in East Asia. In addition to the instrument simply called "sō," the Chinese se, the Korean gayageum, and the Japanese wagon are also classified as sō. In Japan, since the early modern period, the alternative name for the sō has been "koto," so the two are confusing, but strictly speaking, the instrument without tuning pillars is called kin, and the one with pillars is called sō.

[Keiko Hirayama]

History and types

The koto is said to have originated in Qin, one of the princely states, during China's Warring States period (5th to 3rd century BC), and was a five-stringed instrument also called the Qin koto. During the Han dynasty, particularly the Later Han dynasty (25-220), 12-stringed kotos were used for Qing music, a type of folk music, and 13-stringed kotos appeared around the same time or a little later. Subsequently, 12-stringed kotos were common during the Three Kingdoms period and the Jin dynasty, but during the Tang dynasty (618-907), 12-stringed kotos were used for Qing music, and 13-stringed kotos were generally used for other purposes.

The 13-stringed koto was introduced to Japan in the Nara period and was used as an instrument in the orchestral music of gagaku (traditional Japanese court music). It is called gakuso (rakugoto). Later, during the Muromachi period, under the influence of gagaku and the music of the Chinese seven-stringed koto, Kenjun (?-1636) established Tsukushi-ryu koto music (Tsukushi-goto) at Zendo-ji Temple in Kurume, Kyushu. Based on this, early modern koto music (so-called zokuso such as Yatsuhashi-ryu, Ikuta-ryu, Yamada-ryu, etc.) was established and developed greatly after Yatsuhashi Kengyo in the early Edo period. Furthermore, with the emergence of new koto music during the Taisho period, multi-stringed kotos were produced, including 17-string and 15-string bass kotos, as well as 80-string, 30-string, and 20-string kotos for solo use.

Depending on the type of music used, the koto is classified as gagaku's gakugoto, chikuso's Chikushi-ryu koto music, zokugoto's early modern koto music, and shinso's shinso music, but these are merely expedient names, as the chikuso is also included in the zokugoto. Nowadays, when people generally say koto or "koto," they are referring to the koto used in the Ikuta and Yamada schools. Each koto has a similar general structure and shape, but there are differences in the attached pillars and pegs.

[Keiko Hirayama]

structure

Usually, the koto is likened to the body of a dragon, and is called the dragon's head, dragon's belly, dragon's tail, etc. The material used for the so (body) is paulownia, and the decorative parts on both ends, the dragon's horn, and the cloud horn are made of Chinese wood, and they are sometimes decorated with ivory. Some are also decorated with gold lacquer and mother-of-pearl. They come in various sizes, and the length is not fixed. Usually, they are about 5 to 6.4 shaku (152 to 194 cm) in total length. The width is about 25 cm at the head, and the tail is slightly tapered, with a thickness of 3 to 4 cm. The strings are made of 13 silk strings strung in parallel, and with the head facing right, they are called Ichi, Ni, San...Ju, To, I, Kin from the far side. Recently, synthetic fibers such as nylon and tetron are also used. The thickness varies depending on the type of koto, the school, and the individual player. Movable pillars (koto bridges, koto bridges) are set up on the body between each string, and the pitch is determined by adjusting their position. The pillars are made of rosewood, ivory, or plastic.

The koto tsume used for strumming consists of a tsume head and a tsume belt (also called a tsume bag). The shape and size of the tsume head vary depending on the type of koto and school, with those for gakuso being the smallest, followed by Chikushigoto, Ikuta school, and Yamada school in order of size. The shape of the Ikuta school tsume is now rectangular and is called a kakuzume. The Yamada school tsume is closer to an oval shape with a slightly pointed tip. This is called a round tsume. The tsume for gakuso is made from bamboo, animal bone, or deer antler, while that for zokuso is made from ivory. The tsume belt for gakuso is the thickest and is made from cat skin, while for zokuso, those for the Ikuta school are the thinnest and are made from leather, cloth, paper, etc.

[Keiko Hirayama]

Playing technique

The performer sits with the head of the koto to the right. In gakuso, the performer sits cross-legged, while in zokuso, the performer sits seiza. Only the Ikuta school sits diagonally facing the koto, while the others sit at a right angle. The performer then places the koto tsume on the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the right hand and plucks the strings at the point between the pillar and the tsume, close to the tsume. In gakuso, the right hand mainly plays single notes or plays arpeggio-like melodic forms (shizugaki, hayagaki). In the past, the left hand was used to fill in temporary notes, but this fell out of use at the end of the Muromachi period and is not used today. In zokuso, the right hand can be used in a variety of ways, such as playing a five-beat arpeggio-like melodic form (kakezume) or using the back of the nail to play a glissando (uren). The left hand is used for various ornamental techniques, such as pressing the bridge slightly to the left when playing with the right hand to produce a higher note than the tuning note (oshite) or to eliminate the reverberation (keshi). Also, after the Meiji period, the pizzicato technique of plucking the strings with the left hand became popular.

[Keiko Hirayama]

Tuning

Currently, there are six main tunings for the gakuso: Hyojo, Oushikicho, Banshikicho, Ichikocho, Sojo, and Taishikicho. The Tsukushigoto uses the tuning method of the gakuso. However, it is said that Yatsuhashi Kengyo reformed the zokuso from the Tsukushigoto and devised the Hirajoshi tuning based on the intone scale. After that, various tunings such as Kumoijoshi and Nakazorajoshi were devised. However, the pitch is not absolute, but changes depending on the tone of the voice, so only the interval between each string is fixed. The names of these tunings vary depending on the school and region, and there are many cases where the same name is used for different tunings. Furthermore, depending on the song, the tuning may be changed by moving the pillars during the song, and there are many tunings that are used in practice even without names. Furthermore, since the Meiji period, there have been a great variety of tuning methods, including new inventions that have been given specific names.

[Keiko Hirayama]

"Basic Knowledge of the Koto" by Michiko Tsuda (1983, Ongaku No Tomosha)

[Reference items] | Gayageum | Gin | Gin | Song music
Names of the parts of the koto
©Katsuya Nishikawa ">

Names of the parts of the koto


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

東アジアのチター属長胴撥弦(はつげん)楽器。単に「箏」といわれるもの以外に、中国の瑟(しつ)、朝鮮の伽倻琴(かやきん)、日本の和琴(わごん)なども箏に類する。日本では近世以来、箏の別名を「琴(こと)」といったために琴(きん)と箏とは紛らわしいが、厳密には調弦用の柱(じ)のないものを琴(きん)、柱のあるものを箏として区別している。

[平山けい子]

歴史と種類

箏は中国の戦国時代(前5~前3世紀)に侯国の一つ秦(しん)で生まれたといわれ、秦箏ともよばれた5弦の楽器であった。漢代、ことに後漢(ごかん)(25~220)には俗楽の一種である清楽(せいがく)用として12弦の箏があり、同じころか少し遅れて13弦の箏も現れる。続いて三国時代と晋(しん)代には12弦の箏が一般的であったが、唐代(618~907)では12弦を清楽に用い、その他は13弦が一般に用いられた。

 日本へはこの13弦の箏が奈良時代に伝来して、雅楽の管絃(かんげん)の編成楽器として用いられた。これを楽箏(がくそう)という。その後、室町時代に雅楽と中国の七絃琴の音楽の影響下に、九州・久留米(くるめ)の善導寺(ぜんどうじ)において賢順(けんじゅん)(?―1636)が筑紫(つくし)流箏曲(筑紫箏(ごと))を確立した。これを母体として、江戸時代初期の八橋検校(やつはしけんぎょう)以降、近世箏曲(八橋流、生田(いくた)流、山田流(やまだりゅう)などのいわゆる俗箏(ぞくそう))が成立し、大発展を遂げた。さらに、大正時代、新箏曲の出現とともに、低音用の十七絃、十五絃、独奏楽器としての八十絃、三十絃、二十絃などの多弦箏がつくられた。

 箏は使用される音楽の種類により、雅楽の楽箏、筑紫流箏曲の筑箏(ちくそう)、近世箏曲の俗箏、新箏曲の新箏と分類されるが、筑箏も含めて俗箏ということもあり、いずれも便宜的な名称にすぎない。現在では一般に箏または「こと」といえば、生田流や山田流で使用される箏をさす。それぞれの箏は、大まかな構造や形態はよく似ており、付属の柱や爪(つめ)に相違がある。

[平山けい子]

構造

普通、箏を竜の体に例え、竜頭(りゅうとう)、竜腹(りゅうふく)、竜尾(りゅうび)などという。材質は、槽(そう)(胴)には桐(きり)、両端の装飾部と竜角(りゅうかく)、雲角(うんかく)には唐木を用い、象牙(ぞうげ)で飾ることもある。また、金蒔絵(まきえ)や螺鈿(らでん)などを施した装飾のあるものもある。大きさはいろいろあり長さは一定しない。普通全長5~6.4尺(152~194センチメートル)くらいのものを用いる。幅は頭部で約25センチメートル、尾部はやや細くなっており、厚さは3~4センチメートルである。弦は絹製の13弦を平行に張り、頭部を右にして向こう側から順に一、二、三……十、斗(と)、為(い)、巾(きん)とよぶ。最近では、ナイロン、テトロンなどの化学繊維のものも用いられる。太さは箏の種類、流派、演奏者個人によって異なる。各弦の中間の胴面に可動の柱(琴柱(ことじ)、箏柱(ことじ))を立てて、その位置の調節により音の高さを定める。柱は、シタン、象牙、プラスチック製のものがある。

 弾奏に用いる爪(琴爪(ことづめ))は、爪頭(つめがしら)と爪帯(爪袋ともいう)からなる。爪頭は、箏の種類、流派により形と大きさが異なり、楽箏用がもっとも小さく、筑紫箏、生田流、山田流の順に大きい。形は、生田流は現在では長方形で、角爪(かくづめ)とよぶ。山田流は楕円(だえん)形に近く、先端をややとがらせてある。これを丸爪(まるづめ)とよぶ。材質は、楽箏用は竹または獣骨や鹿(しか)の角など、俗箏用は象牙である。爪帯は楽箏用がもっとも太く猫皮製、俗箏では生田流のものがもっとも細く、革、布、紙などでつくる。

[平山けい子]

奏法

演奏者は箏の頭部を右にして座る。楽箏では安座し(あぐらをかき)、俗箏では正座する。なお、生田流だけが箏に向かって斜め、ほかは直角に座る。そして、琴爪を右手の親指、人差し指、中指にはめ、柱と竜角との間の竜角に近い箇所の弦を弾奏する。楽箏ではおもに右手は単音を奏したり、分散和音風な旋律型を奏する(閑掻(しずがき)、早掻(はやがき))。左手は、古くは臨時的な音を補うのに使われたが、室町末期に廃れ、現在では用いられない。俗箏では右手は五拍の分散和音風の旋律型を奏したり(かけ爪)、爪の裏を利用してグリッサンドを奏する(裏連(うられん))など、多種の手法がある。左手は、右手で弾奏する際に柱のやや左を押して調弦音よりも高い音を出したり(押し手)、余韻を消したり(消し)など、いろいろな装飾音的手法に使われる。また、明治以降には左手で弦を弾(はじ)くピチカート奏法も行われるようになった。

[平山けい子]

調弦

楽箏には、現在では平調(ひょうじょう)、黄鐘調(おうしきちょう)、盤渉調(ばんしきちょう)、壱越調(いちこっちょう)、双調(そうじょう)、大食調(たいしきちょう)の6種類がおもに用いられる。また、筑紫箏は楽箏の調弦法を用いる。しかし、俗箏は、八橋検校が筑紫箏から改革して陰音階による平調子(ひらじょうし)を考案したといわれ、その後、雲井調子(くもいじょうし)、中空調子(なかぞらじょうし)など、種々の調弦がくふうされた。しかし、その音高は絶対音ではなく、声の調子などにより変えるので、各弦間の音程だけが定められている。また、その名称は流派、地域によって異なり、同一名称でも違う調弦の場合も多い。さらに、曲によっては途中で柱を動かして調弦を変える場合もあり、名称がなくても実用されている調弦もかなりある。また明治以降、新しくくふうされ特定の名称をつけたものなど、非常に多種の調弦法がある。

[平山けい子]

『津田道子著『箏の基礎知識』(1983・音楽之友社)』

[参照項目] | 伽倻琴 | | | 箏曲
箏の各部名称
©西川勝也">

箏の各部名称


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