The structure and operation of a computer can be understood at various levels of abstraction (perspectives from which a system is viewed, models of the system). These levels are called layers or hierarchies. The smaller the processing unit size, the smaller the level, and the larger the level. The lower the level, the closer it is to the physical world, and the higher the level, the closer it is to the human world. In each layer, various functions of the layer immediately below are abstracted into elements (devices), and these elements are combined to achieve functions. A hierarchical structure is typically seen in the OSI reference model, which enables flexible communication between computers of different manufacturing companies connected to an information network. The structure of hardware can also be understood from a similar perspective. If we view computer hardware as a collection of registers and arithmetic units, it is made up of memory, an instruction decoder, and an arithmetic unit. If we look closely at the inside of the instruction decoder, we can see that many logic elements are combined to achieve the function of instruction decoding. The inside of one of these logic elements, a logical NOT gate, is an electronic circuit that combines circuit elements such as transistors and resistors. In the electronic circuit layer, the essence is the values of the current and voltage flowing through the circuit, but in the higher logic circuit layer, the magnitude of the current and voltage correspond to 0 and 1, and their movement is interpreted as a logical operation of binary numbers (symbols). In this way, each layer corresponds to a change in the perspective from which the system is viewed, and in reality, the inside of a computer is not stacked with multiple layers of hardware in a visible way. (Riki Hoshino, Professor Emeritus, University of Tsukuba / 2007) Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo |
コンピューターの構造と動作は、種々の抽象化(システムを眺める時の視点、システムのモデル)のレベルで理解することができる。そのレベルを層または階層と呼ぶ。処理の単位のサイズが細かくなる方向が下で、逆にサイズが大きくなる方向が上となる。下位ほど物理的な世界に近付き、上位ほど人間的な世界に近付く。各層では、直下の層のいろいろな機能を抽象化して要素(素子)とし、それらの要素を組み合わせて機能を実現している。階層構造は、情報ネットワークにつながった製造企業の異なるコンピューター相互間で、柔軟な通信を実現するOSI参照モデルなどで典型的に見られる。ハードウエアの構造についても同様の視点から理解することができる。コンピューターのハードウエアをレジスターと演算器の集まりであるという視点で見れば、メモリーと命令解読器と演算器から成り立っている。命令解読器の内部を子細に見れば、多くの論理素子が組み合わさって命令解読という機能を実現している。その論理素子の1つの論理否定素子(NOTゲート)の内部は、トランジスターや抵抗などの回路素子が組み合わさった電子回路。電子回路層では、回路を流れる電流と電圧の値が本質であるが、上位の論理回路層では、電流・電圧の大小を0と1に対応させ、その動きを2進数(記号)の論理演算であると解釈している。このように、各層はシステムを眺める視点の変化に対応しており、実際にはコンピューターの内部に、目に見えるような形で多層なハードウエアが積み重なっているわけではない。
(星野力 筑波大学名誉教授 / 2007年) 出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報 |
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