The Pact of Chanyuan

A peace treaty was concluded between the Song and Liao dynasties in 1004. Chanyuan (Puyang, Henan Province) was a part of Wei during the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is said that feudal lords of Jin, Qi, and other states made a pact here. During the Song dynasty, when the so-called 16 prefectures of Yanyun south of the Great Wall came under the control of Khitan (Liao), Chanyuan became a strategic base for the defense of the Yellow River. After the fall of the Northern Han Dynasty, the last state of the Five Dynasties, centered in Shanxi Province, in 979, the Song dynasty came to share a direct border with the Khitan, and the friendly relationship between the two countries suddenly turned into a state of war. However, in 1004, peace finally arrived with the exchange of written oaths between the Shengzong of Khitan and the Zhenzong of Song. The negotiations were conducted against the backdrop of Emperor Zhenzong's campaign at Chanyuan, and so the treaty is known as the Chanyuan Pact. In terms of content, it mainly consisted of the ratification of the conditions that had been in place with the Khitan since the Later Jin Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, namely the cession of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun and the payment of 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 pieces of silk as annual offerings, but it also included groundbreaking measures such as the establishment of a demilitarized zone on the border, and the peace that resulted from this treaty lasted for over a century, becoming the foundation for the economic and cultural development of the Song dynasty.

[Masahiro Yamauchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1004年、宋(そう)と遼(りょう)との間に結ばれた平和条約。澶淵（河南省濮陽(ぼくよう)市）は春秋時代の衛(えい)の地で、晋(しん)、斉(せい)などの諸侯がここで盟を結んだ故事がある。万里の長城以南のいわゆる燕雲(えんうん)十六州の地が契丹(きったん)（遼）の支配下に入った宋代では、澶淵は黄河防衛の戦略上の拠点となった。山西省を中心とした五代の最後の国、北漢が滅んだ979年以後、宋は契丹と直接境を接することになり、それまでの友好関係は一転して戦争状態に入ったが、1004年に至り、契丹の聖宗と宋の真宗の間の誓書の交換という形で、ようやく平和が到来した。その交渉が真宗の澶淵出陣を背景に行われたことから、澶淵の盟という。内容的には、五代の後晋(こうしん)以来の契丹への条件の追認、すなわち燕雲十六州の割譲、銀10万両、絹20万匹の歳幣が主であったが、国境線上での非武装地帯の設置などの画期的な手段がとられたこともあって、この条約による平和は1世紀以上続き、宋の経済や文化の発展の基礎になった。

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