Artificial joint - jinkoukansetsu (English spelling) artificial joint

Japanese: 人工関節 - じんこうかんせつ(英語表記)artificial joint
Artificial joint - jinkoukansetsu (English spelling) artificial joint

When a part of a bone in the body or an entire bone is replaced with an artificial one, the replacement is called an artificial bone, and when an artificial bone is made of only one side of a joint, it is called an artificial femoral head, and when both sides of a joint, that is, the entire joint, are made of artificial bone, it is called an artificial joint. When the function of a joint is severely impaired due to disease or injury, the joint is surgically removed and an artificial femoral head or joint is inserted in its place to restore function. Metals and plastics are used, but they must be strong enough and do not cause foreign body reactions even if left in the body for a long time. Currently, metals such as stainless steel and cobalt alloys (vitalium) are used, and plastics such as high-density polyethylene (HDP) are used. There are two types of surgery: partial replacement using an artificial femoral head and total replacement using an artificial joint. Since artificial joints can become loose or break if left in the body for a long time after replacement, this is generally performed on elderly people.

A typical example of partial replacement surgery is femoral head replacement, in which an artificial femoral head made of vitalium was first used in 1940. It is widely performed for elderly people with medial femoral neck fractures and femoral head necrosis. There are also other types of partial replacement surgery, such as hemi-replacement, which is performed for osteoarthritis of the knee.

The first total replacement surgery was performed in 1938 with an artificial hip joint, which involved fixing a metal joint with bone cement. In 1963, a type of joint that combines a plastic cup with a metal artificial femoral head and fixes it with bone cement was announced, and has been used clinically in countries around the world. In Japan, it has been performed since around 1970. Currently, various types have been devised for each joint, but it is most commonly performed on the hip joint, followed by the knee joint. Hip joints are often performed for osteoarthritis of the hip, and knee joints are used for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis of the knee, etc.

[Takashi Nagai]

[References] | Rheumatoid arthritis | Osteoarthritis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

全身のある部分の骨の一部、あるいは一つの骨全体を人工的なもので置換する場合、置換物を人工骨といい、人工骨の一部が関節の片側で構成されているものを人工骨頭、関節の両側すなわち関節をそっくり人工骨でつくったものを人工関節とよぶ。関節が疾患や外傷によってその機能が著しく障害されたとき、手術によって関節を切除し、そのかわりに人工骨頭や人工関節を挿入して機能の再建を図る。材料としては金属やプラスチックが用いられるが、体内に長く置いても異物作用をおこさず、かつ十分な強度を保つものでなければならない。現在では金属としてはステンレス鋼やコバルト合金(バイタリウム)など、プラスチックとしては高密度ポリエチレン(HDP)などが用いられている。また、この手術には人工骨頭を用いる部分置換術と、人工関節を用いる全置換術とがある。置換後、長期に及ぶと人工関節の緩みや破損を生ずることがあるので、原則として高年者に対して行われる。

 部分置換術の代表的なものは大腿骨(だいたいこつ)人工骨頭置換術で、1940年に初めてバイタリウム製人工大腿骨頭が使われた。老人の大腿骨頸(けい)部内側骨折や大腿骨骨頭壊死(えし)などに対して広く行われている。そのほか、変形性膝(しつ)関節症に対して行われる半置換術などもある。

 全置換術は1938年に人工股(こ)関節置換術が行われたのが最初で、金属製の関節を骨セメントで固定する方法が行われた。1963年にプラスチック製臼蓋(きゅうがい)と金属製人工骨頭を組み合わせた関節を骨セメントで固定する型が発表され、世界各国で臨床的に応用されるようになった。わが国でも1970年(昭和45)ごろから行われている。現在では各関節について種々考案されているが、なかでも股関節にもっとも多く行われており、膝関節がこれに次いでいる。股関節では変形性股関節症に対して行われることが多く、膝関節では関節リウマチや変形性膝関節症などに対して行われている。

[永井 隆]

[参照項目] | 関節リウマチ | 変形性関節症

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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