Sex ratio

Japanese: 性比 - せいひ
Sex ratio

In dioecious organisms, the sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in the same species. The sex ratio is often expressed as the ratio of males to 1 or 100 females. If sex is determined by sex chromosomes, the ratio would theoretically be 1:1 or 100:100, meaning that there would be roughly equal numbers of males and females. However, in humans, on average, more boys than girls are born. In this way, the sex ratio can be biased. The most common cause of this is when only one sex is born through parthenogenesis (honeybees, aphids, water fleas, rotifers, etc.). In addition, when the sex chromosomes are XY type, the sex ratio can be biased if there is a difference in motility between the two types of sperm, if one sperm is selected after meiosis, or if non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes occurs. In the case of ZW type, the sex ratio can be biased if one sex chromosome is easily abandoned during polar body release during the maturation division of the egg. There are also cases of fruit flies producing only females. There are two reasons for this. One is a mutant gene related to sex determination, and in males that carry this gene, most of the Y chromosome degenerates during meiosis, and most of the sperm become X-type. The other is spirochetes. These microorganisms are transmitted from females to the next generation through eggs. When a female carrying spirochetes mates with a normal male and fertilizes eggs, the XY-type fertilized eggs are selectively killed by the spirochetes during development. As a result, most of the embryos become female. Lethal genes can also be involved in the bias in sex ratio.

[Sumio Takahashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

雌雄異体の生物において、同一種内の雌雄の個体数の比をいう。性比は雌個体1または100に対する雄個体の割合で示すことが多い。性染色体による性の決定が行われるならば、理論的には1対1、または、100対100になり、雌雄はほぼ同数となる。しかし、ヒトの場合は平均して女児よりも男児のほうが多く生まれる。このように、性比が偏ることがある。その原因のうち、単為生殖で性の一方のみが生まれる場合(ミツバチ、アリマキ、ミジンコ、ワムシ類など)がもっとも性比が偏る。また、性染色体がXY型のとき、二型の精子に運動能力の差がみられたり、減数分裂後に一方の精子が淘汰(とうた)されたり、性染色体の不分離が生じると、性比が偏る。ZW型の場合、卵の成熟分裂の過程で、一方の性染色体が極体放出時に放棄されやすい場合に性比が偏る。ショウジョウバエでも雌ばかり生まれてくる例がある。これには二つの原因があるが、その一因としては性決定に関連した突然変異遺伝子があり、その遺伝子をもつ雄では、減数分裂中にY染色体がほとんど退化し精子のほとんどがX型となるからである。もう一つの原因としてスピロヘータがあげられる。この微生物は、雌から卵を通して次の世代に伝えられる。スピロヘータをもった雌と正常雄とが交雑し受精卵をもつと、XY型の受精卵が選択的に発生途中でスピロヘータにより殺される。こうして、胚(はい)はほとんどが雌となる。性比の偏る原因として、致死遺伝子の関与する場合もある。

[高橋純夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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