To defend against attacks from the air by aircraft, missiles, and other flying objects. Air defense can be divided into "active air defense" and "passive air defense" depending on the means used. Active air defense is the detection, identification, interception, and destruction of enemy aerial threats against friendly forces and facilities, and is built using air defense systems such as fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft missiles, as well as surveillance radar and interception control. Passive air defense, on the other hand, is a means of reducing the effectiveness of enemy attacks by building planning systems, dispersing targets that may be attacked, camouflage, and building anti-stationation bunkers. Firefighting and rescue activities are also included in passive air defense. Air defense activities were actively carried out at the same time as airships and aircraft were used in military operations during World War I. Telescopes, listening devices, and searchlights were used to detect and identify enemies, and anti-aircraft guns were used to attack, while obstruction balloons were used to prevent invasion. Furthermore, fighter planes equipped with machine guns were developed, and it became possible to shoot down and eliminate enemies in aerial combat. During World War II, radar, which could detect targets from greater distances, was put to practical use, and air defense command came to be carried out using radar as well. After World War II, the development of electronic technology led to the development of radar and guided weapons, and the introduction of computers has led to the automation and sophistication of airborne surveillance and control organizations. Fighter interceptors are now equipped with guided air-to-air missiles, and the capabilities of their onboard radars have improved, making it possible to engage in complete intercept operations in all weather conditions. Ground-based anti-aircraft weapons have also made remarkable progress, with radar-linked anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft missiles. In addition, early warning aircraft equipped with surveillance radars are deployed in the air, and the performance of anti-aircraft missiles has improved, giving us the ability to deal with small, high-speed, low-flying targets such as cruise missiles. The remaining problem is air defense against ballistic missiles, and although the use of anti-aircraft missiles is being considered, there are still many issues that need to be resolved, and methods such as long-distance interception using lasers are being researched. One of the active air defenses that fighter planes perform in peacetime is emergency standby, where planes are scrambled to launch when an unknown target approaches, preventing airspace violations before they happen. In addition, when an enemy attack is certain, or when there is a specific target that needs to be protected or an important target that is difficult to cover, they also perform combat air patrols, which are standby and on alert in the air. [Kenichi Aoki] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
航空機、ミサイル、その他の飛行物体による空からの攻撃に対し、防衛・防御を行うこと。防空は、その手段によって「積極的防空」と「消極的防空」に分けられる。積極的防空とは、友軍の部隊や施設に対する、敵の航空脅威の探知・識別・迎撃・撃破を行うもので、戦闘機や対空ミサイルはもちろん、警戒レーダー、迎撃管制などの防空システムにより構築されている。他方消極的防空は、計画システムの構築、攻撃を受けるであろう目標の分散、迷彩化、抗站化掩体(こうたんかえんたい)などの建設によって、敵の攻撃効果を減殺させる手段のことである。消火活動や救難活動も、消極的防空に含まれる。 防空活動は、第一次世界大戦で飛行船や航空機が軍事作戦に使われると同時に、積極的に行われてきた。望遠鏡や聴音機、サーチライトなどを使っての発見と識別、そして高射砲などによる攻撃で対処したり、阻害気球などを使って侵入を防いだ。さらに機銃を装備した戦闘機がつくられ、空中での戦闘により敵を撃墜・排除するようになった。第二次大戦中には、より遠くの目標を発見できるレーダーが実用化され、防空指揮もレーダーで行われるようになった。 第二次大戦後は、電子技術の発達によりレーダーや誘導兵器の高性能化、さらにはコンピュータの導入により、今日では警戒管制組織の高機能化と自動化が実現している。要撃戦闘機も、誘導式空対空ミサイルを装備するようになり、さらに搭載レーダーの能力も高まって、全天候下での完全な要撃戦闘が可能になった。地上の対空火器も、レーダーと連動する対空機関砲や対空ミサイルが、著しい進歩を遂げている。また、警戒レーダーを搭載した早期警戒機を空中に配備するとともに、対空ミサイルの高性能化によって、巡航ミサイルのような小型・高速・低空飛行目標に対しても、対処能力を得ている。残る問題は弾道ミサイルからの防空で、対空ミサイルの活用が考えられているがまだ解決しなくてはならない問題も多く、レーザーによる遠距離要撃などの手法が研究されている。 戦闘機で平時から行われている積極的防空の一つが、緊急発進待機で、不明目標の接近に対してスクランブル発進をかけ、領空侵犯などを未然に防いでいる。また、敵の来襲が確実であったり、特定の目標の防護、掩護(えんご)しにくい重要目標がある場合などには、戦闘空中哨戒(しょうかい)とよぶ、空中での警戒待機も行われる。 [青木謙知] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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