A special chromosome involved in determining the sex of both sexes, as opposed to other autosomes. In higher organisms that have differentiated into both sexes, in addition to the two pairs of homologous chromosomes (autosomes), they also contain a pair of chromosomes involved in determining sex (sex chromosomes). There are two types of sex determination involving sex chromosomes: male heterozygous and female heterozygous. In organisms with male heterozygous sex determination, females have two X chromosomes and males have only one. When the X is paired with a heterozygous Y chromosome, it is called the XY type, and when there is no paired chromosome, it is called the XO type. Most mammals are XY type, and grasshoppers, which are insects, are often XO type. In the latter case, the number of chromosomes in males is always odd. For example, in the case of male heterozygous sex determination, the number of chromosomes is 46 and XY type in humans, 42 and XY type in brown rats, and 23 and XO type in locusts. The X chromosome has a gene that determines sex, but the role of the Y chromosome in determining sex varies by species. For example, male fruit flies have XY chromosomes, but even if the Y is deleted and they become XO, they still become males. Females have two X chromosomes, but even if they are XXY, they still become fully female. However, the human Y chromosome contains a gene that is involved in determining male sex. Therefore, in humans, if they lose Y and have one X (XO), they become incompletely developed females (Turner's syndrome), and if they have an extra X and become XXY, they become incompletely developed males (Klinefelter's syndrome). The plant Melandrium is also of this type. In mammals, one of the two female X chromosomes is inactive, as discovered by the British scientist Lion in 1961, and this is called the Lion phenomenon. During quiescence, the inactive X chromosome condenses into sex chromatin (or bar body) and exists in the resting nucleus. Therefore, female resting nuclei always have one sex chromatin, but males do not. This principle has recently been applied to actually determine the gender of athletes and others. The sex determination pattern of female heterozygotes is sometimes called ZW, as opposed to XY chromosomes. The sex determination pattern is the opposite of that of male heterozygotes, with eggs being dimorphic (XY or ZW) and sperm always being of only one type, with one X (or one Z). Birds, reptiles, and insects, such as the lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and trichotira (caddisflies), are of this type. For example, the sex determination pattern of female heterozygotes in chickens is XY, with 78 chromosomes. [Toshihide Yoshida] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
雌雄の性の決定に関与する特別の染色体をいい、ほかの常染色体に対する語。雌雄両性に分化した高等生物では、相同の二組の染色体(常染色体)のほかに、性の決定に関与する一対の染色体(性染色体)を含んでいる。性染色体に関与する性決定様式には雄ヘテロ型と雌ヘテロ型の二通りがある。雄ヘテロ型の性決定様式をもつ生物では雌はX染色体を2個もち雄は1個しかもたない。Xの相手に異型のY染色体をもつ場合をXY型、および相手の染色体がないものをXO型とよぶ。哺乳(ほにゅう)動物の多くはXY型で、昆虫類のバッタ類ではXO型が多い。後者の場合に雄の染色体数はつねに奇数である。たとえば、雄ヘテロ型の性決定は、ヒトでは染色体数が46本でXY型、クマネズミでは42本でXY型であり、イナゴでは23本でXO型である。 X染色体には性を決定する遺伝子をもつが、Y染色体の性決定への関与は生物種により異なっている。たとえば、ショウジョウバエの雄はXY染色体をもつが、Yが欠失してXOとなっても雄になる。雌はX染色体を2個もつが、XXYでも完全な雌になる。しかし、ヒトのY染色体には雄性決定に関与する遺伝子が含まれている。したがって、ヒトではYを失いXが1個(XO)になると発育不完全な女性型(ターナー症)となり、またXを1個余分に含みXXY型となると発育不完全な男性(クラインフェルター症)になる。メランドリウムという植物もこのタイプである。哺乳動物では雌性の2個のX染色体のうち、いずれか1個は不活性になっているということを1961年にイギリスのライオンが発見したので、これをライオン現象とよんでいる。不活性化したX染色体は分裂休止期では凝縮して性染色質(またはバーボディ)になって休止核中に存在する。したがって、女性の休止核細胞中にはつねに1個の性染色質をもつが、男性にはない。この原理を応用して、最近では運動選手などの性別の判定に実際に使用されている。 雌ヘテロ型の性決定様式ではXY染色体に対してZWとよぶことがある。性決定様式は雄ヘテロ型と逆で、卵子に二型(XYまたはZW)、精子はつねにX(またはZ)を1個もつ1種類しか生じない。鳥類や爬虫(はちゅう)類および昆虫類では鱗翅(りんし)類(チョウ、ガ類)と毛翅類(トビケラ類)はこの型である。たとへば、ニワトリの雌ヘテロ型の性決定は、染色体数が78本でXY型である。 [吉田俊秀] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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