The theory of innate human goodness

Japanese: 性善説 - せいぜんせつ
The theory of innate human goodness

A theory that sees human nature as good. It is a theory of nature expounded by Mencius, a Confucian scholar in the Warring States period in China. Mencius believed that the potential for goodness is inherent in the hearts of all human beings, and he saw the signs of this potential as the four emotions (compassion, shame, courtesy, and righteousness). He believed that if these four emotions were expanded, human goodness could be fully expressed in the form of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. His theory of human nature as good stated that the seeds of virtues based on Confucian values, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom, are inherent in the nature of human nature. However, this theory also struggles to explain the origin of evil in the hearts of real people. He repeatedly debated with Gaozi, who believed that it is impossible to determine whether nature is good or evil, and this was one of the points of contention. Xunzi, who was about 50 years his junior, rejected Mencius' theory and advocated the theory that human nature is evil. However, Xunzi's theory emphasized the animal nature of the human heart in order to give meaning to ritual, and did not deny the potential for goodness inherent in the human heart. Since then, the theories of Mencius and Xunzi have long been contrasted as two typical examples of the theory of human nature. Furthermore, Mencius's claims of good knowledge and good abilities and "noble spirit" are also manifestations of Mencius' theory that human nature is good.

[Kenjiro Tsuchida]

[Reference] | Horazen no Ki | Four Edges | Theory of Human Nature's Evil |Good Knowledge and Good Ability

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人間の本性を善とみる説。中国、戦国時代の儒者である孟子(もうし)が説いた性論である。孟子は、すべての人間の心には本来善への可能性が内在しているとし、その兆しを四端(したん)(惻隠(そくいん)、羞悪(しゅうお)、辞譲(じじょう)、是非(ぜひ))の情としてとらえた。そしてこの四端を拡大していけば、人間の善性は仁義礼智(じんぎれいち)という形で完全に発揮できると考えたのである。彼の性善説は、仁義礼智という儒家的価値観による徳目の萌芽(ほうが)が人間自然の本性として内在していることをいうものであった。しかしこの説は、一方では現実の人間の心の悪の由来の説明に苦しむことになる。彼は、性に善悪はいえぬとする告子(こくし)と論争を繰り返すが、その争点の一つもここにあった。また彼の50年ほど後輩の荀子(じゅんし)は、この孟子の説を否定して性悪説を唱えた。しかし荀子の説は、礼の意義づけを行うために人の心の獣性を強調するもので、人間の心に備わる善への可能性を否定するものではない。以後、孟子と荀子の説は性説の二典型として長く対置されることになった。なお、良知良能や「浩然(こうぜん)の気」の主張も、孟子の性善説の現れである。

[土田健次郎]

[参照項目] | 浩然の気 | 四端 | 性悪説 | 良知良能

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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