Sincerity - Makoto

Japanese: 誠 - まこと
Sincerity - Makoto

Confucian virtues. Sincerity refers to a mental attitude, whereas respect refers to outward obedience. Sincerity is the eighth article in the Great Learning, and in the Doctrine of the Mean, it says, "Sincerity is the way of heaven. To make it sincere is the way of man." Zhu Xi (Zhu Xi) interpreted sincerity as truthfulness and freedom from evil, the original form of the laws of heaven. In other words, the laws of heaven are the goal of human moral practice, and their content is true and untrue. Sages have reached this state, but ordinary people are required to become one with the laws of heaven through moral practice. Zhu Xi placed so much importance on the chapter on sincerity in the Great Learning that he wrote revisions to it until a few days before his death, but Neo-Confucianism placed emphasis on the method of recognition, which is the first step in sincerity, that is, "to conform to things and attain knowledge." Wang Yangming (Shouren) of the Ming dynasty, through his reevaluation of the ancient text of the Great Learning, made it clear that sincerity was a central theme of scholarship, and thus it became one of the key issues in Song-Ming ideology.

[Koji Sano]

Japan

It is the most fundamental virtue of early modern Japanese Confucianism. Moreover, unlike Chinese sincerity, the sincerity emphasized in Japan does not see sincerity in unity with the laws of heaven, but rather in the purity of one's feelings when interacting with others. This tendency to emphasize sincerity began with Yamaga Soko, who said, "This is what cannot be stopped, and is called sincerity," but it was strongly promoted by Ito Jinsai, who made truthfulness without deception or falsehood when interacting with others the basis of practical ethics. In later times, sincerity was generally understood as two sides of the same coin, and the inside and outside are in agreement, but the tendency to emphasize sincerity was at its highest during the late Edo period. Yoshida Shoin defined the three fundamental principles of sincerity as putting one's thoughts into practice (jitsu), concentrating on one thing (1), and persisting until the thing is accomplished (ju). This tendency to emphasize sincerity is a reflection of the traditional sentiment of ancient Japanese people, who placed great importance on a clear and intelligent mind, in their understanding of Confucian concepts.

[Toru Sagara]

"Japanese Confucianism" by Yoshio Takeuchi (included in "Studies on the Change and the Doctrine of the Mean" 1943×, Iwanami Shoten) " "Confucianism in the Early Modern Period - On 'Respect' and 'Sincerity'" by Toru Sagara (1966, Hanawa Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

儒教の徳目。敬が外面的恭順をいうのに対して精神態度の誠実をいう。『大学』の8条目に誠意があり、『中庸(ちゅうよう)』には「誠とは天の道なり。これを誠にするは人の道なり」とある。朱熹(しゅき)(朱子)は、この誠を真実で邪心のないこと、天の理法の本来の姿と解釈した。つまり天の理法は人間の道徳実践の目標としてあり、その内容は真実無妄(むぼう)だというのである。聖人はこの境地に達しているが、凡人は道徳実践によって天の理法と合一することが求められた。『大学』の誠意章は、朱熹が臨終の数日前まで補訂の筆をとるほど重視したが、ただ朱子学では、誠意の前段階である「物に格(いた)り、知を致(いた)す」という認識方法に重点が置かれていた。明(みん)代の王陽明(守仁(しゅじん))は『大学』の古いテキストの再評価を通して、誠意が学問の中心テーマであることを明らかにした。このようにして誠意は宋明(そうみん)代思想の重要な問題点の一つとなったのである。

[佐野公治]

日本

近世の日本儒教のもっとも基本的な徳目である。また日本で強調された誠は、中国の誠と異なり、天の理法との合一に誠をみるものではなく、人と交わり事をなすときにおける心情の純粋さそのものを内容とした。この誠を重視する傾向は「已(や)むことを得ざる、これを誠と謂(い)う」とした山鹿素行(やまがそこう)に始まるが、人と交わり事をなすときの欺かず偽らざる真実さを実践倫理の根本とした伊藤仁斎(じんさい)によって強力に推し進められた。後期において、誠は表裏一体・内外一致という仕方で一般に理解されたが、誠を重視する傾向がもっとも高まったのは幕末である。吉田松陰(しょういん)は、心に思うことを実行に移すこと(実)、その一事に集中すること(1)、事が成就(じょうじゅ)するまで持続すること(久)を誠の三大義とした。このような誠重視の傾向は、清明心などを重んじた古来の日本人の伝統的心情が儒教概念の理解に反映したものである。

[相良 亨]

『武内義雄著『日本の儒教』(『易と中庸の研究』所収・1943×・岩波書店)』『相良亨著『近世の儒教思想――「敬」と「誠」について』(1966・塙書房)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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