Municipium

Japanese: ムニキピウム（英語表記）municipium

The term referred to an ancient Roman community, but after the end of the Republic it came to mean an autonomous city under Roman rule. At first, it referred to cities allied with Rome, such as Campania in the 4th century BC, which had the right to trade and marry with Rome, but did not have the right to vote in the civil assembly and were obliged to perform military duties. These cities had their own officials under the supervision of a Roman magistrate and had a certain degree of local autonomy. After the Latin Wars (340-338 BC), the conquered peoples Sabines and Picenum were also given this right, and municipium came to mean an inferior community. Furthermore, by the 1st century BC, they were given the right to vote, and together with Latin cities, the term came to refer to local autonomous cities, and indigenous cities in Gaul, Spain, and Africa were also considered municipium. These cities were given Latin citizenship, which promoted the Romanization and urbanization of the western part of the Empire. Later, they were granted Roman citizenship, gained autonomy, and became important administrative units of the empire, but as imperial power grew stronger, they lost their autonomy and disintegrated after the 2nd century due to economic decline and war.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

古代ローマの共同体をさしたが，共和政末期以後はローマ支配下の自治都市を意味した。初めは前4世紀のカンパニアのように，ローマとの通商権，通婚権を有しながらも民会投票権はもたず，軍事義務を負わされたローマとの同盟都市のことをいった。これらの都市はローマの政務官の監督下に独自の役人をおき，それなりの地方自治権をもっていた。ラテン戦争 (前 340～338) 以後，被征服民サビニ，ピケヌムにもこの権利が与えられ，ムニキピウムは劣格共同体を意味するようになった。さらに前1世紀までには投票権も与えられてラテン市とあわせて地方の自治都市をさすようになり，ガリア，ヒスパニア，アフリカの土着都市もムニキピウムとされた。これらの都市ではラテン市民権が与えられ，帝国西部のローマ化，都市化を促進した。のちローマ市民権も与えられて，自治権を有するとともに帝国の重要な行政単位となったが，皇帝権が強化されるに従って自治権は失われ，経済の衰退と戦乱によって2世紀以後崩壊していった。

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