Theory of human nature - Seiakusetsu

Japanese: 性悪説 - せいあくせつ
Theory of human nature - Seiakusetsu

This is the theory of Xunzi, a Chinese thinker from around the 3rd century BC. The 23rd chapter of Xunzi, "The Nature of Evil," begins with the sentence, "Humans' original nature is evil, and what is considered good is false (the result of later fabrication)." Xunzi, who lived at the end of the Warring States period, was keenly aware of the devastation of society and the decline of etiquette and morality, so it is not surprising that he wrote the above passage. However, if we read the following passage, we can see that his theory of human nature being evil is not in opposition to Mencius' (Meng Ke's) theory of human nature being good, but is in fact merely a theory that emphasizes the evil side of human beings and points out the tendency of humans to turn to evil.

For example, according to the theory of human nature being evil, the existence of sages and gentlemen cannot be explained, but Xunzi explains that they are images of people who have overcome evil through diligent effort. What Xunzi wanted to say was not that human nature is evil itself, but that it can be overcome with effort, and he tried to emphasize the importance of continued effort.

[Fumiga Fukui]

[Reference item] | Xunzi |The theory of good nature

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

紀元前3世紀ごろの中国の思想家荀子(じゅんし)の説。「人間の本来の性質は悪であり、善とされるものは、偽(い)(後天的に作為した結果)である」という文章で、『荀子』の第23章「性悪篇(へん)」は始まっている。戦国末に生きた荀子には、社会の荒廃、礼義の衰退が強く目に映り、前記のような文章を書くようになったのも無理はないかもしれない。しかし、そのあとに続く文を読むならば、彼の説く性悪説は孟子(もうし)(孟軻(もうか))の性善説と対立する考え方ではなく、実は人間の悪の面を強調し、人間が悪に走りやすい傾向を指摘した説にすぎないことがわかる。

 たとえば、性悪説によれば、聖人君子の存在は説明できないはずであるが、これは精進努力した結果、悪を克服した人間像のことである、などと説明しているからである。荀子のいいたかったことは、人間の性悪そのものではなく、その性悪も努力しだいでは克服できるとして、努力の持続の重要さを主張しようとする点にあった。

[福井文雅]

[参照項目] | 荀子 | 性善説

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