It is a secretion from the gastric glands in the gastric mucosa. There are about 35 million gastric glands in the entire stomach, and they are divided into fundic glands, pyloric glands, and cardiac glands depending on where they are distributed. The fundic glands are distributed in the fundus and body of the stomach, and spread over an area of nearly 80% of the total area of the stomach, and gastric juice generally refers to the secretion from these fundic glands. There are three types of cells in the fundic glands: chief cells, parietal cells (parietal cells), and accessory cells. The chief cells secrete pepsinogen, the parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, and the accessory cells contain mucus granules. In other words, the so-called gastric juice secreted from the fundic glands is colorless, transparent, viscous, and highly acidic. The pyloric glands are distributed in the antrum and pylorus of the stomach, and secrete alkaline secretions and mucus. There are cells similar to chief and accessory cells, but no paracellular cells. The cardiac gland mainly secretes mucus. To collect gastric juice, a thin rubber tube (gastric tube) is inserted through the nasal cavity or mouth via the esophagus and collected directly from the stomach. [Santa Ichikawa] Ingredients and actionHydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen contained in chief cells to produce pepsin, which hydrolyzes proteins under an acidic reaction to produce water-soluble polypeptides. Mucus protects the gastric mucosa from mechanical and chemical irritation, and is said to have a strong acid neutralizing ability that prevents the gastric mucosa from being digested. In addition to these, gastric juice also contains milk-clotting enzymes, which are found in large amounts in infants and coagulate milk at a hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of 4 to 5, and gastric fat enzymes, which break down fats at a pH of 4 to 5 and convert them into fatty acids and glycerin. [Santa Ichikawa] Secretory processThe process of gastric juice secretion is divided into three phases. The first phase is called the cephalic phase, in which gastric juice is secreted when the smell of food or even the thought of food is enough. This secretion is mainly due to stimulation of the vagus nerve, and is highly acidic and rich in pepsinogen. The second phase is called the gastric phase, in which food enters the stomach, stretching the pylorus, stimulating secretion that continues for three to four hours. This secretion is due to a reflex mediated by the vagus nerve as well as a hormone. This hormone is called gastrin, which increases acid secretion. The third phase is called the enteric phase, in which secretion occurs when the stomach contents enter the duodenum, but this accounts for only 10% of gastric juice secretion. [Santa Ichikawa] Regulation of secretionGastric juice secretion is regulated by two mechanisms: nervous and humoral. It is generally said that the vagus nerve promotes secretion, while the sympathetic nerve acts to inhibit it. However, mental stress, worry, and fear inhibit gastric juice secretion, but these are mediated by the vagus nerve, and it is also known that stimulation of the visceral nerve (sympathetic nerve) promotes gastric juice secretion, making it difficult to simply say that the vagus nerve promotes and the sympathetic nerve inhibits. On the other hand, in terms of humoral regulation, gastrin secreted from the gastric mucosa promotes secretion, while secretin secreted from the small intestinal mucosa inhibits secretion; gastric juice secretion is regulated by so-called gastrointestinal hormones. [Santa Ichikawa] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
胃粘膜にある胃腺(いせん)からの分泌物をいう。胃腺の数は胃全体で約3500万といわれており、その分布する部位によって、胃底腺(いていせん)、幽門腺(ゆうもんせん)、噴門腺(ふんもんせん)とに分けられる。胃底腺は胃底と胃体部に分布し、胃の全面積の80%近い範囲に広がっていて、胃液というのは、一般にこの胃底腺からの分泌物をさしている。ここには、主細胞、旁(ぼう)細胞(壁細胞)、副細胞の3種の細胞があり、主細胞はペプシノゲンを分泌、旁細胞は塩酸を分泌、副細胞は粘液顆粒(かりゅう)を有する。すなわち胃底腺から分泌されるいわゆる胃液は、無色透明で粘り気のある強い酸性を呈するものである。幽門腺は胃前庭部(ぜんていぶ)、幽門部に分布し、アルカリ性の分泌液、粘液を分泌する。主細胞、副細胞に似た細胞はあるが旁細胞はない。噴門腺はおもに粘液を分泌する。胃液を採取するには、鼻腔(びくう)か口より細いゴム管(胃管)を食道を経て挿入し、胃より直接採取する。 [市河三太] 成分と作用塩酸は主細胞に含まれるペプシノゲンを活性化させ、ペプシンとし、ペプシンは酸性反応下でタンパク質を加水分解し、水に可溶性のポリペプチドにする。粘液は、機械的、化学的な刺激から胃粘膜を守る役割を果たすほか、強力な酸中和能力をもっており、胃粘膜が消化されるのを防ぐといわれている。胃液にはこれらのほかに、幼児に多く含まれる凝乳酵素があり、水素イオン濃度(pH)4~5で乳汁を凝固させ、また胃脂肪酵素はpH4~5で脂肪を分解し、脂肪酸とグリセリンに変える働きをもつ。 [市河三太] 分泌の過程胃液分泌の経過は次の三つの時期に分類される。第1期は頭相とよばれ、食物のにおいをかいだり、あるいは食物のことを想像するだけで胃液が分泌される。この分泌は主として迷走神経の興奮によるもので、酸度が高く、ペプシノゲンが多い。第2期は胃相といわれ、食物が胃に入ると胃幽門部が伸展され、それが刺激となって、3時間ないし4時間続いて分泌がおこる。この分泌は迷走神経を介した反射によるほか、ホルモンによるものがある。このホルモンはガストリンといい、酸の分泌を増す。第3期は腸相といわれ、胃内容が十二指腸に入ると分泌がおこるが、胃液分泌の10%を占めるにすぎない。 [市河三太] 分泌の調節胃液分泌は神経性、体液性の二つによって調節されている。一般に迷走神経は分泌を促進し、交感神経は抑制に働くといわれる。しかし、精神的負担や心配、恐怖は胃液分泌を抑制するが、これらは迷走神経を介していること、また内臓神経(交感神経)刺激が胃液分泌を促進させることが知られているなど、一概に迷走神経は促進、交感神経は抑制とはいいがたい複雑な様相を呈している。一方、体液性では、胃粘膜で分泌されるガストリンが分泌促進、小腸粘膜より分泌されるセクレチンなどが分泌抑制するなど、いわゆる消化管ホルモンによって胃液分泌が調節されている。 [市河三太] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
There are various ways to classify goods depending...
…The Owari Domain's policy for new land devel...
It is an accounting system that uses computers, an...
Norwegian playwright, novelist, and poet. Born in...
… [Toshio Hamatani]. … *Some of the terminology t...
...It is known from the reliefs on the large voti...
…In 1694 (Genroku 7), the number of towns was 41 ...
A logical inference that derives a conclusion fro...
A storehouse used mainly in China to store rice a...
Year of death: 27 January 1713 (21 February 1713) ...
...As mentioned above, the larvae have the habit ...
《 Urban Renaissance Agency 》Abbreviation for "...
A town in the Khabarovsk Krai in the eastern part...
A person who becomes a monk, becomes a member of ...
1801 * -1859 A Confucian scholar in the late Edo ...