Stem cells

Japanese: 幹細胞 - かんさいぼう(英語表記)stem cells
Stem cells
Stem cells are the source cells that grow (differentiate) into tissues and organs, and exist uniquely in each organ. Neural stem cells, which were thought to disappear when we become adults, were discovered in mice, monkeys, and humans in the 1990s. By successfully proliferating and differentiating stem cells, we can create the cells and tissues we need. Furthermore, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), which are obtained when a fertilized egg divides several times, are very useful because they can create cells for all organs, but they also have ethical issues. In November 2007, a group led by Professor Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University succeeded in creating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), which have pluripotency similar to that of ES cells, by introducing several types of genes into somatic cells (mainly fibroblasts) derived from the skin. This will solve the ethical issues surrounding the use of human embryos. Specific examples of regenerative medicine using stem cells include the treatment of liver cirrhosis, blood diseases, myocardial infarction, Buerger's disease, construction of blood vessels, regeneration of bones and corneas, and securing skin for transplants. There are two methods: growing the desired cells or organs from stem cells in a test tube and transplanting them into a person, or injecting substances that promote regeneration (such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), known as regenerative medicine) into the body to produce the desired cells or tissues from stem cells in the body. Recently, angiogenesis from bone marrow-derived stem cells has been successfully used to treat angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

(Jiro Imanishi, Professor, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School / 2008)

Stem Cells

A group of special cells that self-replicate while retaining the ability to differentiate. Given the right conditions, they produce differentiated cells. Fertilized eggs are stem cells that can produce all the cells an adult has, and through repeated cell division, they differentiate into somatic cells with various functions. Among somatic cells, there are somatic stem cells that retain the ability to differentiate into a variety of cells, although the range of cells they can differentiate into is narrower. In addition to hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow), neural stem cells, muscle stem cells, and liver stem cells are known. In 1998, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), which have the ability to differentiate into any cell type just like a fertilized egg, were discovered in early human embryos, and have attracted great attention in regenerative medicine.

(Yuji Tarumi, science journalist / 2007)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
幹細胞は、組織や臓器に成長する(分化する)元となる細胞で、それぞれの臓器で固有に存在する。大人になれば消えてしまうと考えられていた神経幹細胞も、マウス、サル、ヒトなどで1990年代に相次いで見つかった。幹細胞をうまく増殖、分化させることによって、必要とされる細胞や組織を作り出すことができる。さらに、受精卵が数回分裂した段階で得られる胚性幹細胞(ES細胞=embryonic stem cells)では、すべての臓器の細胞が作られるので非常に有用だが、倫理的な問題もある。2007年11月、京都大学の山中伸弥教授らのグループによって、皮膚由来の体細胞(主に線維芽細胞)に数種類の遺伝子を導入することで、ES細胞に似た分化万能性(pluripotency)を持たせた人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞;induced pluripotent stem cells)を作成することに成功した。これにより、ヒト胚を使うという倫理的な問題については、解決されることになる。幹細胞を利用した再生医療の具体例としては、肝硬変や血液疾患、心筋梗塞、バージャー病の治療、血管の構築、骨や角膜の再生、移植用皮膚の確保、などが考えられている。試験管内で幹細胞などから目的とする細胞や臓器を増殖させ、人に移植する場合と、再生を促す物質(肝細胞増殖因子=HGF:hepatocyte growth factor、血管内皮増殖因子=VEGF:vascular endothelial growth factorなどで、再生医薬と呼ばれている)を体内に注入し、生体内にある幹細胞から目的とする細胞や組織を作らせる方法がある。最近、骨髄由来の幹細胞から血管新生を行い、狭心症、心筋梗塞などの治療に成功している。

(今西二郎 京都府立医科大学大学院教授 / 2008年)

幹細胞

分化する能力を保ったまま自己増殖する一群の特別な細胞。適切な条件を与えられると、分化細胞を生み出す。受精卵は成体がもつすべての細胞を作りだすことができる幹細胞で、細胞分裂を繰り返し、様々な機能をもつ体細胞へと分化する。体細胞の中にも、分化できる細胞の範囲は狭まるが、多様な細胞に分化する能力を保った体性幹細胞があり、(骨髄)造血幹細胞の他、神経幹細胞、筋肉幹細胞、肝臓幹細胞などが知られている。1998年にヒトの初期胚で、受精卵と同じようにあらゆる細胞に分化する能力をもつ胚性幹細胞(ES細胞=Embryonic Stem Cell)が発見され、再生医学において大きな注目をあびている。

(垂水雄二 科学ジャーナリスト / 2007年)

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