Trusteeship - Shintakutouchi (English spelling) trusteeship

Japanese: 信託統治 - しんたくとうち(英語表記)trusteeship
Trusteeship - Shintakutouchi (English spelling) trusteeship

The system established by the United Nations as a successor to and improvement of the mandate system implemented under the League of Nations, refers to the administration of a territory inhabited by a people who are not yet capable of fully becoming independent, under the supervision of the United Nations, by a country designated as the administering authority. The administering authority is permitted to administer the trust territory in a manner virtually identical to that of its own territory, but the outline of the administration is determined by the Charter of the United Nations and a specific trusteeship agreement, and the administration must be subject to supervision by the United Nations. In other words, the administering authority is obliged to promote the political, economic, social, and educational progress of the inhabitants of the territory, as well as their gradual progress toward self-governance or independence, and to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without discrimination on grounds of race, sex, language, or religion. The General Assembly and the Trusteeship Council are also responsible for the supervision, and are authorized to review annual reports submitted by the administering authority, examine petitions from the inhabitants, and periodically inspect the territory. Compared to the Mandate, this is an improvement in both the obligations of the administering authority and the methods of supervision, such as the obligation to promote the independence of certain areas being imposed on all areas, and the recognition of the right of residents to directly petition. On the other hand, as a result of the emphasis placed on peacekeeping by the United Nations, military use of areas, which was prohibited under the Mandate, was permitted, and certain areas were designated strategic zones and placed under the supervision of the Security Council, thereby relaxing supervision, which was problematic from the standpoint of protecting the residents.

The trusteeship system was established for (1) territories not subject to independence among the mandated territories, (2) territories separated from the defeated nations of World War II, and (3) territories voluntarily placed under the system by the nation responsible for administration. However, (2) was only applied to Italian Somaliland, and there was no application of (3). Thus, 11 territories became trust territories, but the normal territories subsequently gained independence one after another, and all that remained were the strategic areas, the Pacific Islands, with the United States as the administering authority. The Pacific Islands also gained independence as the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau, or formed free association with the United States, and in 1994, with the end of the United States trusteeship of the Republic of Palau, all the trust territories disappeared.

[Taijudo Kanae]

"Izumi Kobayashi, 'Top Secret American Documents and the End of the Trusteeship: The Solomon Report and the Independence of Micronesia' (1994, Toshindo) " "Yazaki Yukio, 'A Study of the Trusteeship of Micronesia' (1999, Ochanomizu Shobo)"

[References] | Mandates | United Nations | Trusteeship Council

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国際連盟の下で行われていた委任統治を受け継ぎ、これを改良して国際連合が設けた制度で、まだ十分に自立する能力をもっていない人民が居住する地域を、施政権者に指定された国が、国連の監督を受けて統治することをいう。施政権者は、信託統治地域を事実上自国の領域とほとんど同じ仕方で統治することを許されるが、統治の大綱は国連憲章と個別的な信託統治協定とによって定められており、そのうえ、統治の実態について国連の監督を受けなければならない点で、通常の領域に対する統治とは性質を異にする。すなわち、施政権者は、地域住民の政治的・経済的・社会的・教育的進歩、ならびに自治または独立に向かっての住民の漸進的発達を促進することと、人種、性、言語、宗教による差別なく、すべての者のために人権と基本的自由を尊重することを義務づけられた。また、監督の任務は総会と信託統治理事会とが担当して、施政権者の提出する年報を検討し、住民の請願を審査し、地域を定期的に視察する権限を与えられた。これを委任統治に比べると、一部の地域についてだけ課せられていた地域の独立を促進する義務が、すべての地域についていわれていたり、住民が直接に請願を行う権利を認めるなど、施政権者の義務の面でも、監督の方法に関しても進歩している。その反面、国連による平和維持の観点が重視された結果、委任統治では地域の軍事的利用が禁止されていたのに、それが許されたり、特定の地域を戦略地区に指定して、これを安全保障理事会の監督の下に置くことにより監督を緩和したのは、住民の保護の見地から問題であった。

 信託統治制度の下に置かれるのは、(1)委任統治地域のうち独立したものを除く地域、(2)第二次世界大戦の敗戦国から分離される地域、(3)施政に責任を負う国が自発的にこの制度の下に置く地域、とされたが、(2)が適用されたのはイタリア領ソマリランドだけで、(3)の適用例はまったくない。かくして11の地域が信託統治地域となったが、通常の地域はその後次々に独立を達成し、残ったのは唯一の戦略地区であり、アメリカを施政権者とする太平洋諸島のみとなった。その太平洋諸島も、マーシャル諸島、ミクロネシア連邦、北マリアナ諸島、パラオとしてそれぞれ独立、あるいはアメリカとの自由連合を組み、94年、パラオ共和国のアメリカ信託統治の終了により、信託統治領はすべて消滅した。

[太寿堂鼎]

『小林泉著『アメリカ極秘文書と信託統治の終焉――ソロモン報告・ミクロネシアの独立』(1994・東信堂)』『矢崎幸生著『ミクロネシア信託統治の研究』(1999・御茶の水書房)』

[参照項目] | 委任統治 | 国際連合 | 信託統治理事会

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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