Nickel alloys

Japanese: ニッケル合金 - にっけるごうきん(英語表記)nickel alloys
Nickel alloys

An alloy that is mainly composed of nickel or contains a large amount of nickel. Nickel is an economical material that is an effective protective coating against chemical corrosion, so about 20% of the nickel produced is used as pure nickel in the form of nickel plate or clad plate. Nickel easily dissolves in any ratio with iron, copper, etc. to form alloys with various properties, so about 50% of the nickel produced is used as an alloy with iron, and about 25% is used as an alloy with copper.

Nickel is the main component of stainless steel (the main component is iron, the other main component is chromium), and about 40% of nickel production is consumed for this stainless steel. Stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance and is strong, so it is used in large quantities in chemical equipment, food processing equipment, cooking utensils, etc. Stainless steel with even higher nickel and chromium content is used as heat-resistant steel for high-temperature parts. Nickel-based alloys with even higher nickel content include the most heat-resistant general-purpose heat-resistant alloys (mainly made of aluminum and titanium, and called superalloys) and TD-nickel (thallium oxide dispersion strengthened nickel alloy). Nickel improves the toughness of steel, so many alloy steels contain 0.5 to 10% nickel.

Nickel-copper alloys are highly corrosion-resistant and are used in building materials, chemical and food processing equipment, ships and power generation equipment, etc. Representative examples include cupronickel (2.5-45% nickel) and Monel metal (67% nickel). Other nickel-containing alloys include electrical resistance alloys (e.g., nichrome = 10-35% chromium, balance nickel), magnet alloys (e.g., alnico = 5-24% cobalt, 3-6% copper, 8-12% aluminum, 14-32% nickel, balance iron), thermal expansion control alloys (e.g., amber = 30-60% nickel, balance iron), and thermocouple alloys (e.g., alumel = 2.5% manganese, 2% aluminum, 1% silicon, balance nickel; chromel = 10% chromium, balance nickel). Nickel coins (25-100% nickel, balance copper, zinc, etc.) are widely used around the world. Nickel silver (nickel silver, German silver = 10-30% nickel), which has a lower nickel content, is used in many everyday products such as the base material for silver-plated products, fasteners, etc. An alloy of 18% nickel, 27% zinc, 55% copper is used in a very wide range of applications as a corrosion-resistant spring material.

[Hiroshi Oikawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ニッケルを主成分とする、あるいはニッケルを多量に含む合金。ニッケルは化学的腐食に対する有効な保護被覆材となる経済的な材料であるので、その生産量の約20%はニッケル板あるいは合せ板として純ニッケルのままで用いられる。ニッケルは鉄、銅などと容易に任意の割合で溶け合い、種々の特性をもつ合金となるので、その生産量の約50%は鉄との合金、約25%は銅との合金として用いられる。

 ニッケルはステンレス鋼の主要成分(主成分は鉄、他の主要成分はクロム)であり、ニッケル生産量の約40%はこのステンレス鋼用に消費されている。ステンレス鋼は優れた耐腐食性をもち、しかも強靭(きょうじん)なので、化学装置、食品処理装置、調理用器具などに多量に用いられている。ニッケル・クロム含有量のさらに高いものは耐熱鋼として高温部分に使用される。さらにニッケル量の多いニッケル基合金には、現在もっとも耐熱性の優れている汎用(はんよう)耐熱合金(アルミニウム、チタンなどを主要成分とし、超合金と称される)やTD‐ニッケル(酸化タリウム分散強化ニッケル合金)などがある。ニッケルは鋼の強靭性を向上させるので、合金鋼中にはニッケルを0.5~10%含むものが多い。

 ニッケルと銅の合金は耐食性に優れているので、建築材料、化学・食品処理装置、船舶・発電装置などに用いられる。代表例としてはキュプロニッケル(2.5~45%ニッケル)やモネルメタル(67%ニッケル)などがある。そのほかニッケル含有合金には、電気抵抗合金(例ニクロム=10~35%クロム、残部ニッケル)、磁石合金(例アルニコ=5~24%コバルト、3~6%銅、8~12%アルミニウム、14~32%ニッケル、残部鉄)、熱膨張制御合金(例アンバー=30~60%ニッケル、残部鉄)、熱電対(でんつい)合金(例アルメル=2.5%マンガン、2%アルミニウム、1%シリコン、残部ニッケル、クロメル=10%クロム、残部ニッケル)など種々のものがある。さらにニッケル硬貨(25~100%ニッケル、残部は銅や亜鉛など)は世界各国で広く使用されている。これよりニッケル量の少ないニッケルシルバー(洋白、洋銀=10~30%ニッケル)は銀めっき製品基材、ファスナーなど多くの日用品に用いられている。18%ニッケル、27%亜鉛、55%銅合金は耐食ばね材としてきわめて広い範囲で用いられる。

[及川 洪]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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