Newborn baby - shinseiji (English spelling) newborn

Japanese: 新生児 - しんせいじ(英語表記)newborn
Newborn baby - shinseiji (English spelling) newborn

The neonatal period is the period from when the effects of pregnancy and childbirth have worn off until the physiological adaptation process from symbiotic life in the womb to independent life outside the womb is almost complete, which corresponds to approximately one or two weeks after birth. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the neonatal period as up to four weeks (28 days) after birth and uses it in various demographic and epidemiological statistics. Furthermore, the first week after birth is distinguished as the early neonatal period, and the following four weeks as the late neonatal period.

[Hiroshi Nishida]

Characteristics of newborns

In many respects, newborns are not only smaller but also have a very different pathophysiology.

Firstly, this is the time when the baby must adapt to the extrauterine environment in order to live independently, moving from the amniotic fluid environment in the womb where it was largely dependent on the mother. In other words, there is a shift from placental breathing (gas exchange with the mother through the placenta) to pulmonary breathing, and from fetal circulation to adult circulation, and the functions of the liver, kidneys and various metabolic systems also rapidly adapt to the extrauterine environment. If these adaptations to the extrauterine environment do not occur smoothly, various diseases, including respiratory disorders, can occur.

The second period is when the effects of the mother's condition in the womb remain strong. For example, if the mother has diabetes, the newborn may suffer from various problems such as hypoglycemia. Also, if the mother is given anesthetics or sedatives, they may affect the newborn and cause apnea or reduced ability to breastfeed.

Thirdly, various problems can occur due to immaturity. Human newborns are born at full term (37 to 42 weeks gestation), but considering that animals begin to walk on their own and drink their mother's milk shortly after birth, all humans can be said to be born prematurely. For example, when it comes to thermoregulation, even in an environment with a temperature of around 25°C, which is considered comfortable for adults, if a newborn is left naked, it will become hypothermic within a few hours, and if it continues to remain in that state, it will be at risk of death.

The fourth period is a period of extremely rapid growth. A newborn's body weight doubles at six months of age, and the number of cells in the cerebral cortex becomes almost the same as that of an adult by the time the brain is ten months old. It is known that prolonged severe malnutrition during this period can have a negative impact on lifelong growth and development.

Fifth, this is a very important period for establishing the mother-child relationship. It is known that in animals, when a baby (newborn, infant, small child) is separated from its mother after birth, the mother will not accept the baby at all even if they are reunited later. In humans, separation of mother and child during the neonatal period has also been shown to cause various problems between mother and child later on. The aspect of the newborn stimulating maternal instinct and establishing motherhood is more important, but the child also receives various stimuli from the mother through the voice, skin contact, breast milk, gaze, etc., which become unconscious memories (imprinting) and affect later development. Taking these points into consideration, in recent years, mother-child contact has been promoted immediately after birth, and the system of mother-child rooming-in has also been introduced.

[Hiroshi Nishida]

Neonatal Care

Japan's neonatal mortality rate was 1.8 per 1,000 births in 2000, and has continued to decline, dropping from 38.7 in 1940, 31.4 in 1947 (the highest rate since World War II), 4.9 in 1980, and 2.6 in 1990, making Japan's neonatal medical care one of the best in the world. However, one in every 500 newborns dies within the first four weeks of life, and more than two-thirds of these die within the first week of life, so it goes without saying that the neonatal period is the time when newborns are most vulnerable to death. Furthermore, the causes of many central nervous system disorders, such as cerebral palsy, are identified before and after birth, and the importance of neonatal medical care is further confirmed by the fact that whether or not a child receives the correct medical care during this period can determine the child's life.

For a long time in history, newborns had neither names nor family registers, so if they fell ill, they could easily be abandoned by their families and doctors. Neonatal medicine, both as an academic field and as a medical system, was between pediatrics and obstetrics, and was an obscure field. However, around 1975, neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) were established in various parts of Japan, and sick and premature babies began to be left in the hands of pediatricians. Furthermore, a transportation system for neonatal medicine was established centered on NICUs, and this field has progressed rapidly. The main causes of death in newborns are congenital abnormalities, asphyxia, respiratory disorders, intracranial bleeding, and sepsis. Approximately 80% of very low birth weight babies, those with a birth weight of less than 1,000 grams, survive, and of those who survive, more than 80% survive without any aftereffects.

[Hiroshi Nishida]

"Introduction to Neonatology" by Hiroshi Nishida (1994, Igaku Shoin)""New Edition of Neonates, edited by Hiroshi Nishida (1999, Medica Publishing)""Current State of Neonatal Care" by Kazuhiko Kabe (2002, Iwanami Booklet)"

[References] | Childcare | Pediatrics | Neonatal asphyxia | Neonatal infections | Neonatal respiratory problems | Neonatal hemorrhage | World Health Organization | Sepsis | Mother-child relationship | Prematurity

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

新生児期とは、妊娠・分娩(ぶんべん)の影響が消失し、子宮内の共生生活から子宮外の独立生活への生理的適応過程がほぼ完了するまでの期間をいい、生後おおよそ1、2週間がこの時期に該当する。WHO(世界保健機関)では、生後4週間(28日目)までを新生児期と定義して種々の人口動態や疫学の統計に使用している。さらに、生後1週間を早期新生児期、以後4週間までを後期新生児期と区別している。

[仁志田博司]

新生児の特徴

新生児は多くの点で、単に小さいのみならず、きわめて異なった病態生理をもっている。

 まず第一に、子宮内の羊水中で母体に多くを依存していた環境から、独立して生活していくため子宮外環境に適応していく時期である。すなわち、胎盤呼吸(胎盤を通して母体とガス交換を行う)から肺呼吸へ、胎児循環から成人循環への転換が行われ、さらに肝臓、腎臓(じんぞう)、種々の代謝系の機能も急速に胎外環境に適応していく。これらの子宮外環境への適応がスムーズに行われなかった場合、呼吸障害をはじめ種々の疾患がおこる。

 第二は、胎内で受けた母体の影響が色濃く残っている時期である。たとえば、母体が糖尿病であった場合、新生児はその影響を受けて低血糖など種々の問題がおこり、また、母体に麻酔剤や鎮静剤を使用した場合、それが新生児に作用して無呼吸や授乳力低下などを招く。

 第三には、未熟性に起因する種々の問題がおこりうることである。人間の新生児は正期産(在胎37週以上42週未満)で出生しても、動物が出生してまもなく自力で歩き出し、母親のミルクを飲むことを考えれば、人間はすべて未熟で生まれるといえよう。たとえば、体温調節をとってみると、成人にとって心地よいと考えられる25℃前後の温度環境でも、新生児を裸で置いた場合、数時間で低体温となり、さらにそのままの状態が続くと死の危険にさらされる。

 第四は、きわめて急速に成長する時期である。新生児は生後6か月で体重は倍となり、脳の発育では大脳皮質の細胞数は生後10か月までに成人のそれとほぼ同じとなる。この時期の長期の高度の低栄養は、一生の発育・発達に悪影響を及ぼすことが知られている。

 第五は、母子関係確立にきわめて重要な時期である。動物において出生後に児(新生児・乳児・幼児)を母親から分離すると、その後ふたたびいっしょにしても母親は児をまったく受け入れないことが知られているが、人間においても新生児期に母子分離が行われると、のちに種々の母子間の問題が引き起こされることが示されている。新生児が母性を刺激して母親らしさを確立する面がより重要であるが、児も母親から声、スキンシップ、母乳、視線などを通じて種々の刺激を受け、無意識の記憶(インプリンティング)となって、のちのちの発達に影響を及ぼす。それらの点を考慮して近年は、分娩直後より母児の接触を図り、さらに母児同室制が導入されるようになった。

[仁志田博司]

新生児医療

日本の新生児死亡率は2000年(平成12)には出生1000に対して1.8であり、1940年(昭和15)の38.7、47年の31.4(第二次世界大戦後最高値)、80年の4.9、90年の2.6と減少を続け、日本の新生児医療は世界のトップレベルとなっている。しかしそれでも、この世に生を受けた新生児500人に1人が生後4週間以内の短い間に死亡し、さらにその3分の2以上が生後1週間以内に死亡するということがあり、新生児期がもっとも死の危険にさらされるときであることはいうまでもない。さらに脳性小児麻痺(まひ)などの中枢神経障害の多くは分娩前後にその原因が求められており、この時期に正しい医療を受けるか受けないかが、その子の一生を左右することからも、新生児医療の重要性がさらに確認されよう。

 また、歴史的に長い間、新生児は名前も戸籍もないところから、病気に陥れば容易に家族や医師からも見捨てられることもあった。新生児医療は学問としても医療体系としても、小児科と産科のはざまにあって日の当たらない分野であった。しかし、1975年(昭和50)前後より日本においても各地に新生児集中治療室neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)がつくられ、病児・未熟児は小児科医の手にゆだねられるようになった。さらにNICUを中心として新生児医療の搬送システムが確立し、急速にこの分野が進歩してきた。新生児の死因は先天性の異常、仮死、呼吸障害、頭蓋(とうがい)内出血、敗血症などがおもなものである。超低出生体重児とよばれる出生体重1000グラム未満の新生児もその約80%が生存し、さらに生存したものの8割以上が後遺症なく生存する時代となった。

[仁志田博司]

『仁志田博司著『新生児学入門』(1994・医学書院)』『仁志田博司編『新生児』新版(1999・メディカ出版)』『加部一彦著『新生児医療はいま』(2002・岩波ブックレット)』

[参照項目] | 育児 | 小児科 | 新生児仮死 | 新生児感染症 | 新生児呼吸障害 | 新生児出血 | 世界保健機関 | 敗血症 | 母子関係 | 未熟児

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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