Evaporation occurs when vaporization occurs from the surface of a liquid, and is distinct from boiling, which occurs from within the liquid. Boiling occurs at a specific temperature (boiling point) under a certain pressure. In other words, it occurs when the saturated vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure (atmospheric pressure, etc.), but evaporation can occur at any temperature. Evaporation can also occur from solid surfaces, but this is often called sublimation. Evaporation of water from the leaves of plants is sometimes called transpiration. The larger the surface area, the easier it is for evaporation to occur. However, under saturated vapor pressure, the evaporation rate and condensation rate are equal, so the net evaporation is zero (this is why laundry takes longer to dry on rainy days). As expected, evaporation will become faster if the surface area is increased and the saturated air directly above the evaporation surface is removed. Fan coolers that use water aim to stimulate evaporation in this way, removing heat from the atmosphere. In chemical experiments where it is necessary to precipitate crystals or concentrate a solution, evaporating dishes or crystallizing dishes with a wide opening are used. They are usually made of porcelain, but there are also glass and quartz dishes, as well as plastic and platinum dishes, and they are used according to the nature of the liquid. It is also effective to reduce the pressure using a vacuum pump, and evaporation and concentration under reduced pressure is extremely effective for concentrating substances that are unstable at high temperatures. [Yamazaki Akira] weatherevaporation The evaporation of one gram of water requires 580 calories of heat. Thus, water vapor in the air moving from the warm ocean surface to colder regions of the Earth carries a large amount of heat. When clouds form, this heat is released, warming the air and providing additional buoyancy. The rate of evaporation from the water surface is proportional to the difference in vapor pressure between the water surface and the air in contact with it. Evaporation cools the water surface, and if no heat is added, the evaporation rate slows. If the water is deep, the cold surface water sinks and is replaced by the warm water below. Evaporation from salty ocean water is slightly slower than freshwater, and evaporation from snow and ice is less than from the water surface at the same temperature. Most evaporation on the Earth's surface is thought to occur from the ocean surface, and although various methods have been used to estimate the amount of evaporation, it is extremely difficult to estimate accurately. [Takeji Shinohara] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気化が液体の表面からおこる場合が蒸発であり、液体の内部からもおこる沸騰(ふっとう)とは区別する。沸騰は一定の圧力のもとでは特定の温度(沸点)でおこる。つまり飽和蒸気圧と外圧(大気圧など)が等しくなったときにおこるが、蒸発はいかなる温度でもおこる。固体表面からも蒸発がおこるが、こちらはむしろ昇華とよばれることが多い。植物の葉面からの水分の蒸発は、蒸散といわれることもある。 蒸発は表面積が大きいほどおこりやすくなる。しかし飽和蒸気圧のもとでは、蒸発速度と凝縮速度が等しくなるので、差し引き蒸発はゼロとなる(雨の日に洗濯物が乾きにくいのはこのためである)。表面積を大きくし、かつ蒸発面の直上の飽和した空気を除くと、蒸発が速くなることは予測どおりである。水を利用したファンクーラーなどは、このようにして蒸発を盛んにさせて熱を大気から奪うことに努めているのである。 結晶を析出させたり、溶液を濃縮したりするのが必要な化学実験においては、開口部の広い蒸発皿、あるいは結晶皿が用いられる。通常は磁製であるが、ガラス製や石英製のもの、あるいはプラスチックや白金製のものもあり、液性に応じてそれぞれに使い分けている。真空ポンプなどで減圧にすることも有効であり、高温では不安定となるものの濃縮には、減圧下での蒸発濃縮がきわめて有効である。 [山崎 昶] 気象evaporation 水1グラムの蒸発には580カロリーもの熱を必要とする。このため、地球上の暖かい海面から寒地へと動く空気に含まれる水蒸気は、大量の熱を運ぶことになる。雲ができる際にはこの熱が放出され、空気は昇温し、さらに浮力が与えられる。水面からの蒸発の速さは、水面と、接する空気の蒸気圧差に比例する。蒸発によって水面は冷却され、熱の補給がなければ蒸発速度が落ちる。もし水が深ければ、冷たくなった表面水は沈み、下の暖かい水と入れ替わる。塩分を含んだ海水からの蒸発は淡水に比べてわずかに遅く、雪や氷からの蒸発は、同じ温度であっても水面より小さい。地球表面での蒸発の大部分は海面からと考えられており、いろいろな蒸発量推定が試みられているが、正確な見積りはきわめて困難である。 [篠原武次] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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