Multiplier theory

Japanese: 乗数理論 - じょうすうりろん(英語表記)theory of multiplier
Multiplier theory

A theory that clarifies how much income will increase from a certain amount of increase in investment. It is an important theory in the theory of national income determination and one of the core theories of Keynesian economics.

In the theory of national income determination, income Y is:
Y = C + I
Here, C is consumption expenditure, I is investment expenditure, and the government and foreign sectors are not considered. The consumption function is C = cY + b c , b > 0
Let us suppose that the equation is expressed as a linear equation of income. The positive constant c is the marginal propensity to consume, and its value is less than 1. Investment is assumed to be a constant value that does not depend on income. The multiplier theory clarifies how much income increases in response to an increase in exogenously determined investment. For example, suppose investment increases from I 0 to I 1. The equilibrium point when investment is I 0 is shown as E 0 in the diagram , and income is determined to be Y 0. Suppose investment increases to I 1. The new equilibrium point becomes point E 1 , and income is determined to be the magnitude of Y 1. In other words, as a result of investment increasing by Δ I = I 1 - I 0 , income has increased by Δ Y = Y 1 - Y 0. The ratio of this increase in income to the increase in investment, that is, the value of Δ Y / Δ I, is called the multiplier. Let us calculate the magnitude of this multiplier. The triangle E 0 E 1 A in the diagram is in the shape of a 45-degree set square. Therefore, the lengths of sides E 0 A and E 1 A are equal. Side E 0 A represents the increase in income Δ Y. Side E 1 B is equal to the increase in investment Δ I. Paying attention to the triangle E 0 AB , the angle of angle BE 0 A is equal to the marginal propensity to consume c , so in the end, the length of side BA is c Δ Y. Therefore, by E 0 AE 1 A ,
ΔY cΔY ΔI

It can be shown that the multiplier is the reciprocal of the value remaining when the marginal propensity to consume is subtracted from 1. The value obtained by subtracting the marginal propensity to consume from 1 is called the marginal propensity to save, so the multiplier is equal to the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save. Since the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save are both less than 1, the multiplier is greater than 1. In other words, income increases more than investment increases. Also, if people's willingness to consume (willingness to save) increases (decreases) and the marginal propensity to consume (marginal propensity to save) increases (decreases), the multiplier increases. For example, if the marginal propensity to consume increases from 0.75 to 0.8, the multiplier increases from 4 to 5. Therefore, in this situation, an increase in investment brings about a greater increase in income. In other words, an increase in the willingness to consume is good, and an increase in the willingness to save is bad. Before Keynes, it was believed that an increase in the willingness to save, in other words, thrift, was a virtue, but Keynes argued that consumption is a virtue. This idea is called the "paradox of thrift." Accurately estimating the value of the multiplier is important for the effectiveness of aggregate demand management policies implemented by the government. When a policy is adopted to increase public investment as part of government spending, the increase in income induced by public investment will differ depending on the value of the multiplier.

So far we have looked at the investment multiplier, but there are various other multipliers as well. For example, the government expenditure multiplier shows how much an increase in government expenditure will increase income, and the export multiplier shows how much an increase in exports will increase income.

Multiplier theory is also used in combination with the acceleration principle to explain business cycles.

[Toshiyuki Uchijima]

[References] | Keynes | National Income
Multiplier theory explanation diagram [figure]
©Shogakukan ">

Multiplier theory explanation diagram [figure]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある一定量の投資の増加がどれくらいの所得の増加をもたらすかを明らかにする理論。国民所得決定理論における重要な理論であり、ケインズ経済学の中核をなす理論の一つである。

 国民所得決定理論では、所得Yは、
  YCI
を満たすように決定される。ここでCは消費支出、Iは投資支出であり、また政府部門と外国部門は考慮していない。消費関数は
  CcYb c, b>0
と、所得の一次式で示されるとする。正の定数cは限界消費性向であり、その値は1より小さい。投資は所得に依存しない一定値であるとする。乗数理論は、このように外生的に決定される投資が増えると、それに応じて所得がどれほど増えるかを明確にするものである。たとえば投資がI0からI1へと増加したとする。投資がI0であるときの均衡点は、ではE0と示されており、所得はY0に決定される。投資がI1へと増えたとする。新しい均衡点は点E1になり、所得はY1の大きさに決定される。つまり、投資がΔII1I0だけ増えた結果、所得はΔYY1Y0だけ増えたのである。この所得の増加分の投資の増加分に対する比率、つまりΔY/ΔIの値を乗数という。この乗数の大きさを求めてみよう。の三角形E0E1Aは45度の三角定規の形をしている。したがって辺E0Aと辺E1Aの長さは等しくなる。辺E0Aは所得の増加ΔYを示す。辺E1Bは投資の増加ΔIに等しい。三角形E0ABに注意すると、角BE0Aの角度は限界消費性向cに等しいので、結局、辺BAの長さはcΔYになる。したがってE0AE1Aより、
  ΔYcΔYΔI

を示すことができる。つまり乗数の大きさは、1から限界消費性向を差し引いて残る値の逆数となる。1から限界消費性向を差し引いた値は限界貯蓄性向とよばれるので、乗数の大きさは限界貯蓄性向の逆数に等しくなる。限界消費性向と限界貯蓄性向の値はそれぞれ1より小さいので、乗数の値は1より大きくなる。つまり投資が増える以上に所得は増えるのである。また人々の消費意欲(貯蓄意欲)が増して(減じて)限界消費性向(限界貯蓄性向)の値が大きく(小さく)なれば、乗数の値は大きくなる。たとえば限界消費性向が0.75から0.8になると、乗数は4から5へと増える。したがってこのような状態では、投資の増加はより大きな所得の増加をもたらす。つまり消費意欲の増大は善、貯蓄意欲の増大は悪となるわけである。ケインズ以前では、貯蓄意欲の増大、つまり倹約は美徳と信じられていたが、ケインズは消費こそは美徳であると主張したのである。このような考え方は「倹約のパラドックス」とよばれる。乗数の値を正確に推定することは、政府が実行する総需要管理政策の有効性にとってたいせつなこととなる。政府支出のうち公共投資を増加させる政策がとられるときに、乗数の値いかんにより、公共投資により誘発される所得の増え方が異なってくるからである。

 これまでみてきたのは投資乗数についてであるが、このほかにもいろいろな乗数がある。たとえば、政府支出の増加がどれくらいの所得の増加をもたらすかを示すのが政府支出乗数であり、輸出の増加はどれくらいの所得の増加をもたらすかをみるのが輸出乗数である。

 また乗数理論は、景気循環を説明するために、加速度原理と組み合わせて用いられている。

[内島敏之]

[参照項目] | ケインズ | 国民所得
乗数理論説明図〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

乗数理論説明図〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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