This is equipment that evaporates a solvent (industrially, aqueous solutions are often used, so it is usually water) from a solution, and then concentrates or crystallizes it, or recovers the solvent (it is treated differently from a boiler, which heats and evaporates water to obtain high-pressure, high-temperature steam). It has a jacket, coil, or a group of tubes for heating, and uses high-temperature steam or a heat transfer medium as the heat source. As the solution boils under heat, it passes through the heating section by natural convection or a pump, and steam is separated at the liquid surface or in the upper space inside the vessel, and circulates inside the vessel. Using the steam generated from one evaporator as a heat source for another evaporator is advantageous in terms of energy conservation. This type of evaporator is called a multi-effect evaporator, and up to six-effect evaporators are often used industrially. Since the boiling point of a solution rises with its concentration, it is generally necessary to operate the lower stages at a lower pressure in order to maintain the difference between the condensation temperature of the steam from the previous stage and the boiling point of the liquid in that stage at least a few degrees, and to continue boiling, so they are often operated under reduced pressure. Desalination of seawater, production of table salt, and concentration of electrolytic caustic soda solution are typical examples of operations using multi-effect evaporators. Since the boiling point of a solution decreases with decreasing pressure, not only multiple-effect evaporators but also single-effect evaporators are often operated under reduced pressure and are called vacuum evaporators. [Yuji Kawamura] Note: The dashed lines in the figure indicate the heating tubes. Some of the heating steam is sent into the tubes, and some is sent to the tube jacket. ©Shogakukan "> Representative types of evaporators F = Stock solution V = Evaporated steam L = Concentrated liquid S = Steam for heating >>>>>>, ≒, >, ≒, > ©Shogakukan "> Configuration of a multi-effect boiler (parallel flow triple effect boiler) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
溶液から溶媒(工業的には水溶液を取り扱う場合が多い。したがって多くは水)を蒸発させ、濃縮や晶出を行い、あるいは溶媒を回収する装置をいう(水を加熱蒸発させ高圧高温の水蒸気を得るためのボイラーとは区別して取り扱われている)。加熱するための外套(がいとう)、蛇管(じゃかん)あるいは管群をもち、高温の水蒸気または熱媒が熱源として用いられる。溶液は加熱沸騰しながら、自然対流またはポンプによって加熱部を通り、液面または缶内上部空間で蒸気を分離し、缶内を循環する。 一つの缶から発生した蒸気を別の缶の熱源として使用すれば、省エネルギー上有利である。この型式の蒸発缶を多重効用缶とよび、工業的には六重効用缶ぐらいまでのものが多く使用されている。溶液の沸点はその濃度とともに上昇するから、前段からの水蒸気の凝縮温度とその段の液の沸点との差を数度以上に保ち、沸騰を続けさせるために一般に下段ほど圧力を下げて操作する必要があり、減圧下で操作されていることが多い。海水の淡水化、食塩の製造、電解カ性ソーダ液の濃縮などが多重効用缶による操作の代表的な例である。 溶液の沸点は圧力の低下とともに低下するから、多重効用缶のみならず単一の蒸発缶でも減圧下で操作されることは多く、真空蒸発缶とよばれている。 [河村祐治] 注:図中の破線部は加熱用管群を示す。加熱用蒸気は、管内に送られるものと、管外套に送られるものとがある©Shogakukan"> 蒸発缶の代表的型式 F=原液 V=蒸発蒸気 L=濃縮液 S=加熱用蒸気>>>>>、≒、>、≒、>©Shogakukan"> 多重効用缶の構成(並流式三重効用缶) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Evaporation - johatsu (English spelling) vaporization
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