Safety factor - Anzenritsu (English spelling) factor of safety

Japanese: 安全率 - あんぜんりつ(英語表記)factor of safety
Safety factor - Anzenritsu (English spelling) factor of safety

It is a factor calculated by the ratio of the standard strength of a material to the allowable stress. When machines or structures are actually used, various loads are applied, and each part that constitutes them deforms and generates stress. Therefore, in order for machines and structures to perform their functions safely, each part must be designed to withstand the stress that occurs there and not cause undesirable deformation. The strength of a material against various loads can be determined by material testing, but there is variation in the strength of materials, and it also changes depending on the processing and heat treatment method and the usage environment. In addition, the load applied during use may be greater than the estimated one. Furthermore, when machines and structures become complex, there is also the possibility of inaccuracy in the calculation of the stress and deformation caused by the load on each part. Thus, the coefficient that should be prepared for the uncertainties of load, material, and design and manufacturing is the safety factor.

Taking these uncertainties into consideration, the limit stress up to which a machine or other device can function safely without destruction or large deformation is called the allowable stress, and the design stress should be equal to or less than this allowable stress. The allowable stress is calculated by dividing the standard strength of the material used by the safety factor. The standard strength may be the yield point, tensile strength, fatigue strength, impact strength, creep strength, etc., depending on the type of material, load, and expected type of destruction. The safety factor is always greater than 1, and a safety factor of 2 means that if the design stress is taken to be equal to the allowable stress, the standard strength will not be exceeded even if a stress twice that amount occurs.

[Kunio Hayashi and Yuichi Nakajo]

[Reference] | Allowable stress | Mechanics of materials | Tensile strength

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

材料の基準強さと許容応力の比で求められる係数をいう。機械や構造物が実際に使用されるときは、各種の荷重が加わり、それらを構成している各部分は変形し応力を生ずる。したがって、機械や構造物がその機能を安全に果たすためには、各部分がそこに生ずる応力に耐え、不都合な変形もおこらないように設計されなくてはならない。材料が各種の荷重に対してどの程度の強さをもつかは材料試験により求めることができるが、材料の強さにはばらつきがあり、加工や熱処理の仕方、使用環境によっても変わる。また、使用時に加わる荷重も推定したものより大きくなる可能性がある。さらに、機械や構造物が複雑になると、荷重によって各部分に生ずる応力や変形の計算の不正確さも考えられる。このように荷重、材料および設計製作上の不確実性に備えるべき係数が安全率である。

 これらの不確実性も考慮し、加わる応力がこの値までなら破壊や大変形が生ずることなく、機械などが安全に機能するという限界の応力を許容応力といい、設計応力はこの許容応力に等しいか、それより小さければよい。許容応力は、使用する材料の基準になる強度を安全率で除して求められる。基準の強度としては、材料の種類や荷重および予想される破壊の様式に応じて、降伏点、引張り強度、疲労強度、衝撃強度、クリープ強度などが用いられる。安全率は1よりつねに大きく、安全率が2であるということは、設計応力を許容応力に等しくとった場合、その2倍の応力が生じても基準とした強度を超えないということである。

[林 邦夫・中條祐一]

[参照項目] | 許容応力 | 材料力学 | 引張り強度

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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