A device that shines a strong light on a landscape painting or a photograph drawn on a glass plate, and uses a lens to enlarge and project the image onto a projection screen. The machine that projects the image is called a magic lantern. It was invented by the German Athanasius Kircher (1602-80). It was called a magic lantern because it is a light that makes an image appear like a mirage in a dark room, and in Japan, the name "magic lantern" was born in the early Meiji period as a translation of that word. It is the origin of modern slides. In Europe, Christian missionaries have used it as a tool for spreading their faith since the mid-17th century, and in Japan, during the Kyowa period (1801-04) of the Edo period, one was invented inspired by the Dutch Ekman mirror, and was called "utsushi-e." In the mid-19th century, glass-projection photography was invented, and magic lanterns using photographs were introduced to Japan during the Meiji period. It is said that the first magic lanterns were shown on board a Russian warship during a visit to Japan in 1853 (Kaei 6). In 1873 (Meiji 6), Tejima Seiichi brought back the first magic lantern from America. It became popular nationwide from around 1889-1890, and was as popular as movies before the advent of moving pictures. Around the time of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894-1895, this type of magic lantern was welcomed by children as a new toy, and domestically produced magic lanterns became widespread. Magic lanterns at that time were of the tracing type and used oil lamps. They were used by religious leaders who were preaching doctrines and academic lecturers, but they were also used in schools as educational materials, and "school magic lantern shows" were held in classrooms. The subjects of the projections often dealt with ethics, geography, history, and the ecology of plants and animals, and 12-disc sets of serials suitable for home education were also sold. Real-life magic lanterns that used real objects and large magic lanterns that traveled around the country and used incandescent gas as a light source also appeared. At the end of the Meiji period, it lost ground to the advance of the newly appearing motion pictures, and then faded into obscurity. It was revived around 1935 (Showa 10) as a form of educational projection. The magic lantern was modified to use film, and the magic lantern machine was also modified to use electric lights. Slide-type magic lanterns were still in use after World War II. [Ryosuke Saito] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ガラス板に描いた風景画や写真などに強い光を当て、レンズを利用して映写幕に拡大して映して見せる仕掛け。映写する機械が幻灯機。ドイツのキルヒャーAthanasius Kircher(1602―80)が発明した。暗い室内で幻のように映像を浮かび上がらせる灯(あかり)という意味からマジック・ランタンmagic lanternとよばれ、日本では明治初年その訳語として幻灯の名が生まれた。現在のスライドの元祖である。ヨーロッパでは17世紀の中ごろからキリスト教伝道師が布教の道具として使っており、日本でも江戸時代の享和(きょうわ)年間(1801~04)オランダのエキマン鏡からヒントを得て考案されたものがあり「写し絵」とよばれた。また19世紀の中ごろガラス写しの写真術が発明され、明治時代にこの写真による幻灯板が日本に渡来した。1853年(嘉永6)来航中のロシア軍艦の中で見せられたのが最初といわれる。73年(明治6)には手島(てじま)精一がアメリカから初めて幻灯を持ち帰った。89~90年ごろから全国的な流行を示し、活動写真(映画)ができる以前は映画同様の人気を得た。94~95年の日清(にっしん)戦争ごろ、この種の幻灯機は新しい玩具(がんぐ)として子供たちに迎えられて国産品が普及した。当時の幻灯機は透写式のもので、石油ランプを使用した。教義宣布の宗教家や学術関係の講演者などにも利用されたが、学校などでも教育資料としてこれを応用、教室で「学校幻灯会」を開催したりした。映写の題材には修身、地理、歴史、動植物の生態などを扱ったものが多くみられ、一般には家庭教育向きの12枚1組の連続物なども発売された。また実物応用の実写幻灯機、光源に白熱ガスを使う全国巡回用の大型幻灯機も出現した。 明治末期からは新たに登場してきた活動写真の進出によって地位を譲り後退した。その後1935年(昭和10)ごろからふたたび教育用の映写物として復活した。幻灯板もフィルムを使用し、幻灯機も電灯を用いて構造が改造された。第二次世界大戦後もスライド式のものが活用されている。 [斎藤良輔] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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