A Russian-born Jewish painter. Born on July 7th in the Jewish quarter of Vitebsk (now a city in the Republic of Belarus), near the border with Poland. After studying at an art school in his hometown, he entered the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg in 1907. The following year, he entered Leon Bakst's art school, where he first gained knowledge of modern European art. In 1910, with the support of Congressman Binabel, he went to Paris and stayed there until 1914. During that time, he lived in Montparnasse, commonly known as La Ruche (the beehive), and got to know Modigliani, Soutine, Delaunay, and others, and also became friends with poets Cendrars, Apollinaire, and Canude. He also exhibited his work for the first time at the Salon des Indépendants in 1911. In 1914, he visited Germany to hold a solo exhibition at the Galerie Der Sturm in Berlin, and returned home immediately, but the outbreak of World War I meant that he remained in Russia. The following year, in 1915, he married Bella Rosenfeld, who became an important source of inspiration for Chagall's paintings (Bella died in 1944). After the October Revolution in 1917, he was appointed district art commissar in Vitebsk and founded an art school. He invited Malevich and Lissitzky to teach, but after disagreements with Malevich, he resigned from his position in 1919 and moved to Moscow, where he worked on mural decorations at the State Jewish Theater. He returned to Berlin in 1922 and Paris in 1923. He was commissioned by the art dealer Vollard to illustrate Gogol's "Dead Souls," and gradually gained attention as a leading painter at the École de Paris, while his fantastical style was highly praised by the Surrealists. In 1941, he was invited by the Museum of Modern Art in New York to travel to the United States, where he lived in exile during World War II and was in charge of the set design and costumes for ballet. In 1947, he returned to Paris to live in France permanently, and in 1950 he settled in Vence in the south of France. In 1952, he remarried Balanchine Brodsky. His fame spread worldwide, and he established an unshakable position as one of the leading masters of 20th century painting. In 1966, he left Vence and moved to Saint-Paul-de-Vence, where he died on March 28, 1985. The breadth of his creative work is wide, ranging from oil painting and gouache to prints, a ceiling painting for the Paris Opera (1964), stained glass for the Hadassah Hospital synagogue in Jerusalem, sculpture, ceramics, and stage decorations. The tone of his work was already set early on, with personal and often autobiographical content, nostalgia for Russia, and a reverence for Jewish traditions and symbols. His discovery of color in Paris, the influence of Cubism, and contact with avant-garde poets such as Cendrars and Apollinaire provided new nourishment for his art. He composed images poetically, without being bound by naturalistic ideas in terms of color and form. The influence of Cubism eventually gave way to a freer style overflowing with color, and his fantastical and allegorical expressions have not undergone any major changes since then. At times, the overly personal content of his works can turn them into mere poetic riddles, but his fantastical expressions and rich colors have a mysterious charm that allows the viewer's mind to soar freely. The Chagall Museum in Nice houses his works from the series "Message of the Bible" (1969-73). [Tatsuji Omori] "My Memories" by Marc Chagall, translated by Miwa Fukumatsu and Murakami Yo (1965, Bijutsu Shuppansha)" ▽ "Complete Collection of Contemporary World Art 17: Chagall, commented by Takemoto Tadao (1970, Shueisha)" ▽ "Chagall" by Werner Haftmann, translated by Sakai Tadayasu (1976, Bijutsu Shuppansha)" [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア出身のユダヤ系画家。7月7日ポーランドとの国境に近いロシアのビテプスク(現在はベラルーシ共和国の都市)のユダヤ人地区に生まれる。郷里の画塾で学んだのち、1907年ペテルブルグの帝室美術奨励学校に入学。翌年にはレオン・バクストの美術学校に入って、ヨーロッパ近代美術に関する知識を初めて得た。10年、代議士ビナベルの援助でパリに出、14年まで滞在。その間、モンパルナスの通称「ラ・リュシュ」(蜂(はち)の巣)に住み、モディリアニ、スーチン、ドローネーらを知り、さらには詩人のサンドラール、アポリネール、カニュドらと親交を結んだ。また11年のアンデパンダン展に初出品。14年にはベルリンのデア・シュトゥルム画廊で個展を開くためドイツを訪問、その足で故郷に戻るが、第一次世界大戦の勃発(ぼっぱつ)によってそのままロシアにとどまる。翌15年にはベラ・ローゼンフェルトと結婚、これはシャガールの絵の重要な霊感源となる(ベラは44年に死亡)。17年に十月革命が起こると、ビテプスクの地区美術委員に任命され、さらに美術学校を創設する。マレービチやリシツキーを教授に招くが、やがてマレービチと意見を異にしたため、19年には職を辞してモスクワに移り、国立ユダヤ劇場の壁画装飾などで活躍した。22年にはベルリン、23年にはパリに戻る。 画商ボラールの依頼でゴーゴリの『死せる魂』の挿絵を手がけるなど、しだいにエコール・ド・パリの有力画家として注目されるとともに、その幻想的な作風はシュルレアリストから高く評価された。1941年、ニューヨーク近代美術館の招きで渡米、第二次大戦中はアメリカで亡命生活を送り、バレエの舞台装置や衣装を担当したりもした。47年、フランスに永住すべくふたたびパリに戻り、50年には南フランスのバンスに居を定める。52年、バランチーヌ・ブロドスキーと再婚。名声は世界的なものとなり、20世紀絵画を代表する巨匠として揺るぎない地位を獲得する。66年にはバンスを去ってサン・ポール・ド・バンスに移り、85年3月28日同地に没した。その制作活動の幅は広く、油彩、グワッシュをはじめ、版画、パリのオペラ座の天井画(1964)、エルサレムのハダッサ病院のシナゴーグのステンドグラス、彫刻、陶器、舞台装飾にまで及んでいる。 個人的でしばしば自伝的な内容、ロシアへの郷愁、ユダヤ特有の伝統や象徴に対する敬愛の念など、彼の作品の基調は初期にすでに決定していたといってよい。パリでの色彩の発見、キュビスムの影響、サンドラールやアポリネールら前衛詩人との接触は彼の芸術の新たな滋養となった。色彩や形態において自然主義的な考えに束縛されず、イメージを詩的に構成する。キュビスムの影響はやがて色彩の横溢(おういつ)する、より自由なスタイルに道を譲り、以後その幻想的、寓意(ぐうい)表現は大きな変化を被ることはない。ときにそのあまりに個人的な内容は、作品を単なる詩的な謎(なぞ)にもしかねないが、空想的表現と豊かな色彩は、見るものの心を自由に飛翔(ひしょう)させる不思議な魅力を秘めている。ニースにシャガール美術館があり、『聖書のメッセージ』の作品群(1969~73)を収めている。 [大森達次] 『マルク・シャガール著、三輪福松・村上陽通訳『わが回想』(1965・美術出版社)』▽『竹本忠雄解説『現代世界美術全集17 シャガール』(1970・集英社)』▽『ヴェルナー・ハフトマン著、酒井忠康訳『シャガール』(1976・美術出版社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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