Social insects - Social insects

Japanese: 社会性昆虫 - しゃかいせいこんちゅう(英語表記)social insect
Social insects - Social insects

This refers to insects that form groups, create hierarchies within them, and perform division of labor. Termites, ants, hornets, bumblebees, honeybees, and stingless bees are examples of this term, but the degree of differentiation of classes and division of labor has little to do with the phylogenetic position of the insects. The emergence of sociality began when the mother beetle raised her young, and as the lifespan of the mother beetle extended, large families were formed, and then division of labor occurred among individuals within the hive. There are solitary types, types that simply form groups, types that have division of labor, and types that have undergone morphological differentiation and have formed hierarchies, which allows us to see the evolution of sociality. Social insects produce social polymorphisms with different forms and habits due to class differentiation, and are usually divided into queens (females), males (kings), and workers, but ants and termites have soldiers, and termites further have classes of substitute reproductives called vice-queens and vice-kings. There are also ants that have intermediate types between workers and soldiers.

It is known that in social insects, substances secreted by the insects themselves function to maintain communication between individuals within the colony and to maintain the structure and order of the colony. For example, the existence of a queen substance (royal jelly) that prevents the queen honeybee from producing a new queen while she is healthy in the hive has been discovered, and various pheromones have been reported, such as ant footprint substances and the secretions of the honeybee's Nasanoff glands that inform their fellow bees of the location or presence of food, alarm substances that warn ants of enemy attacks, and substances that keep the ratio of each caste in the hive constant, as in termites. In addition, within the colony, workers in honeybees change jobs from day to day after emerging, cooperate to regulate the temperature of the hive, and perform complex adjustments for life in a magnificent manner. In recent years, research in this area has been actively conducted.

Since social insects cannot live alone, one group of insects can be considered to be equivalent to an individual in other animals. Therefore, insect societies cannot be directly compared to human societies, and it is difficult to call them societies in the true sense of the word.

[Takehiko Nakane]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

集団をつくり、そのなかに階級を生じ分業が行われているような昆虫をいう。シロアリ、アリ、スズメバチ、マルハナバチ、ミツバチ、ハリナシミツバチの類がこれにあたるが、階級の分化や分業の程度は昆虫の系統的位置とはあまり関係がない。社会性の発生は母虫が子虫を哺育(ほいく)することから始まり、母虫の寿命の延長とともに大家族が形成され、ついで巣内の個体間に分業が生じたものであろう。ハチ類には孤独性の種類、単に集団をつくる種類、分業を生じた種類、形態分化がおこり階級を生じた種類があり、社会性の進化をうかがうことができる。社会性昆虫は階級の分化によって形態や習性の異なる社会的多形が生じ、普通は女王(雌)、雄(王)、働き虫に分けられるが、アリ、シロアリではこれに兵虫があり、シロアリではさらに副女王、副王という代用生殖者の階級がある。また、アリのなかには働きアリと兵アリの間に中間型をもつものがある。

 社会性昆虫では集団内の個体間の連絡、集団の構造や秩序の維持のために、昆虫自身の分泌する物質が働いていることが知られている。たとえば、ミツバチの女王が巣内に健全でいる間は次の女王を生じさせないような女王物質(ロイヤルゼリー)の存在がわかっており、アリの足跡物質やミツバチのナサノフ腺(せん)の分泌物のように餌(えさ)のある場所ないし存在を仲間に知らせるもの、アリが外敵の襲来を知らせる警報物質、シロアリのように巣内の各階級の比率を一定に保つような物質など、さまざまなフェロモンがあることが報告されている。このほか集団内ではミツバチの働きバチのように羽化してから日を追って仕事が変わったり、巣の温度の調節を協力して行ったり、生活のための複雑な調整がみごとに果たされている。近年この方面についての研究が活発になされている。

 社会性昆虫は1個体だけでは生活できないから、一つの集団がほかの動物の1個体に相当すると考えてもよい。したがって昆虫の社会は人間社会と直接比較できないし、真の意味の社会とはいいがたい。

[中根猛彦]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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