Policies implemented by the state and other organizations to solve social problems such as improving wages and working conditions, poverty, health, etc. They can be broadly divided into employment-related and welfare-related categories. The term social policy first came into widespread use in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. The then Chancellor Bismarck introduced social policy (Sozialpolitik) as a measure to address social issues in the country, which included the establishment of social insurance legislation for workers. Germany was slower to industrialize than Britain, known as the "world's factory," and was in a backward position, with a mountain of problems to deal with domestically. As a result, Germany introduced social insurance systems such as sickness insurance for workers (1883) and endowment insurance (1889) as social policies. By promoting social reform, they were able to alleviate social unrest and function as a means to stabilize the political system. It was not until the 20th century that social policy really started to make progress, and countries around the world began to enthusiastically pursue it. The term "social policy" did not necessarily become common; for example, in the UK, terms such as "social reform" and "social justice" were widely used, but in Japan and other countries that were heavily influenced by Germany, discussions were lively from the beginning under the term "social policy." In Japan, Kanai Noburu, Takano Iwasaburo and others founded the Social Policy Studies Association in 1897 (Meiji 30). Looking specifically at the Orient, Japan was the first country to take up social policy after the end of the 19th century. In Japan, social policy developed mainly in the form of regulating working conditions for workers and implementing medical insurance benefits, including the Factory Act (1911) and the Health Insurance Act (1922). In addition, some large cities such as Osaka implemented "urban social policies" such as cafeterias and public housing, while in rural areas, where enrollment in medical insurance was delayed, "rural social policies" were implemented, such as the introduction of national health insurance (1938). After the Second World War, the construction of welfare states began mainly in Europe and the United States. The progress in creating a system based on the twin pillars of "full employment" and "social security" ushered in an era of full-scale flowering of social policy, particularly in Europe. Around this time, the term "social policy" began to be used widely both academically and in practice, even in Britain, where it was not widely known at the time. Social policy was established as a means of realizing a minimum standard of living for people. In any country, once political instability has been eliminated and a certain level of economic growth has been achieved, the next challenge is to ensure stability in the lives of the people. Looking at international trends since the beginning of the 21st century, many countries and regions, particularly in Asia, such as China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, have begun to place emphasis on social policies that are based on employment security and social security. In developed countries as well, coupled with the declining birthrate and aging population, the urgency of social policies is increasing in areas such as childcare and nursing care, medical care and pensions, and various employment support. [Kingo Tamai] [References] |Kazuo Okochi| | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
賃金や労働条件の改善、貧困、健康など社会の諸問題を解決するために国家などが実施する政策。大きく雇用系列と福祉系列に分けることができる。 社会政策ということばが普及するきっかけとなったのは、19世紀後半のドイツにおいてである。当時の宰相ビスマルクが国内の社会問題対策として打ち出したのが社会政策Sozialpolitikであり、そこには労働者のための社会保険立法等が含まれていた。「世界の工場」といわれたイギリスよりも工業化が遅れ、後進的な立場にあったドイツは国内に課題が山積しており、社会政策として労働者のための疾病保険(1883年)や養老保険(1889年)といった社会保険制度を導入した。社会改良を進めることによって社会不安を緩和し、政治体制を安定させる装置として機能させたのである。 社会政策が本格的に前進するのは20世紀に入ってからで、各国で熱心に取り組まれるようになった。必ずしも社会政策という名称が一般化したわけではなく、たとえばイギリスでは社会改良や社会正義などということばとして普及したが、日本をはじめドイツの影響を強く受けた国では、当初から社会政策の名称で論議が盛んになされた。 日本では1897年(明治30)に金井延(かないのぶる)、高野岩三郎(たかのいわさぶろう)らが社会政策学会を結成した。19世紀末以降に社会政策が取り上げられたのは、東洋に限ってみると日本が最初である。日本の場合、工場法(1911年)や健康保険法(1922年)等をはじめとして、主に労働者の労働条件規制や医療保険給付実施といったかたちで社会政策は発展をみた。また、大阪など一部の大都市では簡易食堂や市営住宅をはじめとする「都市社会政策」が、また農村部では医療保険への加入が遅れていたため、国民健康保険の導入(1938年)など「農村社会政策」が進められた。 第二次世界大戦後になると、欧米を中心にして福祉国家の建設が始まる。「完全雇用」と「社会保障」を両輪とする体制づくりの進展は、社会政策全面開花の時代を迎えることとなり、とりわけヨーロッパにおいてそれが著しかった。このころになると、社会政策という名称が十分に普及していなかったイギリスにおいても、学問的かつ実践的に多用されるようになった。人々の最低限の生活保障を実現する手段として、社会政策は定置された。 いずれの国においても、政治不安を解消し一定の経済成長を遂げた次に課題となるのが国民生活の安定である。21世紀に入ってからの国際動向をみると、中国、韓国、台湾、シンガポールなどアジアを中心に、多くの国と地域で雇用保障と社会保障を柱とする社会政策が重視されるようになった。先進諸国においても、少子高齢化の進展とも相まって、育児・介護、医療・年金、各種就労支援等において、社会政策の緊要性は高まってきている。 [玉井金五] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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