J. J. Rousseau's major work, published in 1762. It is an extension of Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and Treatise on Political Economy, published in 1755. In Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Rousseau criticizes the absolute monarchy of the time, arguing that private property brings about inequality among humans, and that all existing legal and political systems are designed to protect private property and therefore must be reformed. In Treatise on Political Economy, Rousseau argues that a political body (the state) is necessary for humans to survive, and that a standard called the "general will" is necessary to maintain the unity of this political body and conduct correct politics. He states that the general will "is always the source of law, aiming at the preservation and happiness of the whole (the state) and each part (individual)." Therefore, The Social Contract can be said to be an exploration of the issue of how to form a political body in which the general will is implemented and ensure the same freedom and equality that humans had in the state of nature. For this reason, Rousseau states that people should gather together to survive, and that in doing so, each member should enter into a "social contract" in which he or she completely transfers all of the rights that they previously had to the entire community, protecting their bodies and property. He also states that the "common power" that people established on an equal footing by abandoning all existing privileges should be placed under the guidance of the highest will (sovereignty), the general will. Rousseau states that sovereignty is inalienable, indivisible, and indelegable, but this is a natural consequence of the fact that sovereignty, or the general will, is the highest will of a political body in which each person has contracted to unite their forces. Sovereignty cannot be transferred to foreign powers or a party pursuing special interests, nor can it be divided into a king or an estates' parliament, nor can it be delegated by a parliament (England) that does not represent the will of the entire people. Because each citizen is the subject that forms the political body and the general will, Rousseau's social contract theory can be said to assert the two major principles of democracy: popular sovereignty and the rule of law. For this reason, his ideas became the holy scriptures of democracy in the French Revolution and in many other countries. [Hiroshi Tanaka] "The Social Contract, translated by Takeo Kuwahara and Teijiro Maekawa (Iwanami Bunko)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
J・J・ルソーの主著。1762年刊。1755年に発表した『人間不平等起源論』『政治経済論』を発展させたもの。『不平等起源論』においては、私有財産制が人間の間に不平等をもたらし、現存の法・政治制度はすべて私有財産制を保護するようにつくられているから変革すべしとして、当時の絶対王制が批判されている。また『政治経済論』では、人間が生存するためには政治体(国家)が必要であり、この政治体の統一を保ち正しい政治を行うためには「一般意志」という基準が必要だとし、一般意志とは、「つねに全体(国家)および各部分(個人)の保存と幸福を目ざし、法律の源泉となるもの」と述べている。したがって、『社会契約論』は、いかにして一般意志が貫徹する政治体を形成し、人間が自然状態においてもっていたと同じ自由と平等を確保するかという課題を追究したものといえよう。このためルソーは、人々は生存するために集合し、その際、各構成員は以前にもっていた権利を共同体の全体に対して全面的に譲渡して身体と財産を守るような「社会契約」を結べ、と述べている。そして、既存のすべての特権を放棄して対等の立場で人々が設立した「共同の力」すなわち新しい政治体を一般意志という最高意志(主権)の指導の下に置け、というのである。ルソーは、主権は不譲渡、不分割また代行されえないと述べているが、これは、主権すなわち一般意志が、各人が契約を結んで力を結集した政治体の最高意志であるから当然の帰結であろう。主権は外国勢力や特殊利益を追求する一党派に譲渡したり、国王や身分制議会に分割したりはできないし、また全人民の意志を代表していない議会(イギリス)によって代行されえないのである。このように、各市民は政治体と一般意志を形成する主体であるから、ルソーの社会契約論は、人民主権論と法の支配という民主主義の二大原理を主張したものといえ、このため彼の思想はフランス革命や各国における民主主義の聖典となった。 [田中 浩] 『桑原武夫・前川貞次郎訳『社会契約論』(岩波文庫)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Social contract theory - English
Credit extended to consumers is called consumer c...
A city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southweste...
...The organ's tone also imitated that of an ...
This festival, stipulated in the Jingi-Ryo (Court...
1445‐1510 German preacher. Raised in Kaisersberg i...
This is a method of connecting construction materi...
The process of roasting ores containing non-magnet...
This hot spring is located in the southeastern par...
Periodic table element symbol = F Atomic number = ...
[Born] Yi Tae King 27 (1890).5.8. Damyang, Jeollan...
...A type of colored woodblock print in which two...
A physical quantity that is considered independen...
…The dalmatic was also popular among women. Footw...
…In Japan, where swimming developed as a martial ...
The term generally refers to theoretical and phil...