Shintasou - Shida no sho

A manor established in Shinoda County, Hitachi Province. It covers a vast area including the southern part of Tsuchiura City, the southeastern part of Tsukuba City, Ami Town, Miho Village, the eastern part of Ushiku City, and the eastern part of Inashiki City in Ibaraki Prefecture. It is said that there were 66 townships and the total number of fields was 826 cho (Toji Hyakugo Monjo) or 620 cho (Hitachi Province Ota Bumi). It was established in 1151 (Nihei 1) when Fujiwara Muneko (Ikeno Zenni), the mother of Taira no Yorimori, donated Saijo in Shinoda County to Toba-in or Bifukumon'in Tokuko. The head position was passed down to Hachijoin Shoshi, and became one of the Hachijoin estates. Meanwhile, the lord's position was passed down to Yorimori and then to his son Mitsumori, who exchanged the manor for a certain person's Minamino manor. Around the same time, the manor was donated to Kongo-ji Temple in Kawachi, and it is believed that Kongo-ji Temple held the lord's position, but the details are unclear. During the Jōkyū War (1221), the Hachijoin estate was temporarily confiscated, but was later returned, and the manor was also imperial property until the end of the Kamakura period. However, in 1318 (Bunpō 2), Emperor Goda, who planned to restore Toji Temple, donated the manor to both the Toji temple's monks and scholars, and it became Toji property. It is said that the land steward in the early Kamakura period was the Oda clan, but by the end of the Kamakura period it was dominated by members of the Hojo clan. As a result, when the Kamakura shogunate fell, there was great confusion in the annual tax payments from Shinta-sho to Kyoto, and Toji Temple had to rebuild it itself during the Nanboku-cho period. However, the reorganization and improvement of the manor, which was a distant land, did not progress, and it became a mere formality. During the Nanboku-cho period, this area became the base of the Oda clan on the side of the Southern Court, and Shinta-sho was also under their influence, often becoming a battleground between the two sides. In 1388 (5th year of Genchu, 2nd year of Kakei) the Kamakura shogunate attacked Oda Castle, and Shinta-sho came under the control of the Kamakura shogunate, with the Kanrei Uesugi clan taking control. In reality, the Usuda, Tokihara, Ogoe, and Kondo families managed the area, but from the end of the Muromachi period to the chaos of the eastern provinces during the Warring States period, the Toki clan of Edosaki controlled the area. By this time, the manor had completely lost its function.

[Kenji Iinuma]

"Amino Yoshihiko, Medieval Toji Temple and its Estates" (1978, University of Tokyo Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

常陸(ひたち)国信太郡に成立した荘園。現在の茨城県土浦市南部、つくば市南東部、阿見(あみ)町、美浦(みほ)村、牛久(うしく)市東部、稲敷(いなしき)市東部などを含む広大な地域にあたる。郷数66、惣公田(そうこうでん)数は826町（『東寺百合文書(とうじひゃくごうもんじょ)』）とも、620町（『常陸国大田文(おおたぶみ)』）ともいわれる。1151年（仁平1）に平頼盛(よりもり)の母、藤原宗子（池禅尼(いけのぜんに)）が鳥羽院(とばいん)もしくは美福門院(びふくもんいん)得子に信太郡西条を寄進し成立した。本家職は八条院暲子(しょうし)に伝領され、八条院領荘園の一つとなる。一方、領家職は頼盛、さらにその子息光盛(みつもり)に伝えられるが、光盛は某人の南野荘と当荘を交換している。同じころ、当荘は河内(かわち)金剛寺(こんごうじ)に寄進されており、領家職は金剛寺がもったとみられるが、詳細不明。承久(じょうきゅう)の乱（1221）で八条院領は一時没収されるが、その後戻され、当荘も鎌倉末まで皇室領であった。ところが、1318年（文保2）東寺復興を企図した後宇多(ごうだ)院は、当荘を東寺供僧(ぐそう)・学衆(がくしゅう)両方に寄進し、ここに東寺領となる。鎌倉期当初の地頭(じとう)は小田(おだ)氏といわれているが、鎌倉末期には北条(ほうじょう)氏の一族によって占められていた。そのため、鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると、信太荘の年貢京進に大きな混乱が生じ、東寺は南北朝期には自らその再建を行わなければならなくなった。しかし、遠国荘園である当荘の再編整備は進まず、有名無実の状態になっていった。南北朝期、この一帯は南朝方の小田一族の拠点となり、信太荘もその影響下にあり、しばしば両党の争奪の地となった。1388年（元中5・嘉慶2）に鎌倉府によって小田城が攻められ、信太荘は鎌倉府の支配に入り、管領(かんれい)上杉氏が支配にあたった。実際には臼田(うすだ)氏、土岐原(ときはら)氏、大越(おおごし)氏、近藤(こんどう)氏が管理したが、室町末から戦国の東国の混乱のなかで江戸崎の土岐氏がこの一帯を押さえた。このころには荘園の機能はまったく失われていた。

［飯沼賢司］

『網野善彦著『中世東寺と東寺領荘園』（1978・東京大学出版会）』

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