Righteous Army Struggle (English: Righteous Army Struggle)

Japanese: 義兵闘争 - ぎへいとうそう（英語表記）Ǔibyǒng t'ujaeng

A popular resistance movement against invaders in Korea. It was often armed. In Korea, there have been fierce popular (all walks of life) resistance movements against invaders since ancient times. Widespread popular resistance was carried out throughout the province during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century and the Japanese War of Imjin and Jeongyu (1511-1561) led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the 16th century, but the first full-scale righteous army struggle in Korean history was the anti-Japanese struggle that began around the time of the Japan-Korea Annexation in 1910, and is called the "righteous army movement." In other words, Korea concluded the "First Japan-Korea Treaty" in 1904, just after the start of the Russo-Japanese War, and the "Second Japan-Korea Treaty" just after the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. However, when the government and people learned that the contents of the treaty effectively took away Korea's independence from Japan, there was strong dissatisfaction, and anti-Japanese movements developed in various places. Furthermore, when the New Japan-Korea Treaty was concluded in 1907 and the Korean military was forced to disband, there were conflicts in various places between the military that refused to disband and the Japanese military that tried to force the disbandment by force, and this issue triggered the anti-Japanese volunteer militia movement to suddenly spread across the country. These movements were mainly made up of farmers, including former military personnel and bureaucrats, but they were united in the nature of anti-Japanese armed struggle. They carried out various resistance movements, such as attacking leaders of pro-Japanese organizations and Japanese military facilities, but were defeated by Japan's powerful military rule. However, in the long term, the volunteer militia movement is highly regarded as a prerequisite for the March 1st Movement that was to occur in the future. Even after the Governor-General of Korea was established and it became a complete Japanese colony, fierce anti-Japanese partisan struggles took place within the peninsula and in Manchuria (northeastern China) until liberation in August 1945, and this can also be considered a volunteer militia movement in a broad sense.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

朝鮮で行われた侵略者に対する民衆の抵抗運動。武装の場合が多い。朝鮮では古来，侵略者に対する民衆 (各層にわたる) の抵抗運動が激しく展開された。 13世紀のモンゴル軍の侵入，あるいは 16世紀の豊臣秀吉による壬辰・丁酉の倭乱 (→文禄・慶長の役 ) に際しても全道で広般な民衆の抵抗が行われたが，朝鮮史上本格的な義兵闘争は 1910年の「日韓併合」前後から始った反日闘争で，「義兵運動」と呼ばれる。すなわち朝鮮は日露戦争開戦直後の 04年に「第1次日韓協約」，引続く 05年の日露戦争終了直後に「第2次日韓協約」を日本と締結したが，その内容が朝鮮の独立を事実上日本に奪われるものであることを知った官民の不満は強く，各地で反日運動が展開された。さらに 07年「日韓新協約」が成立し，また韓国軍隊の解散が強制されるにいたって各地で解散拒否の軍隊と武力をもって解散を強行しようとする日本軍との対立がみられ，この問題を契機にして一挙に反日義兵運動が全土に巻起った。これら運動の主体は農民層で，旧軍人，官僚なども含まれていたが，反日武力闘争という性格において一致していた。彼らは親日団体の幹部を襲い，あるいは日本軍の施設を攻撃するなど各種の抵抗運動を根強く広範に行なったが，日本の強大な武力支配に敗北した。しかし長期的にみれば義兵運動はやがて起る三・一運動の前提として高く評価されている。また朝鮮総督がおかれて日本の完全な植民地となってからも半島の内部，あるいは満州 (中国東北地方) で激しい抗日パルチザン闘争が 45年8月の解放まで行われたが，これも広義の義兵運動と解してよい。

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