An organization established in the 1920s and 1930s to facilitate communication between labor and management in Japan's large zaibatsu companies and state-run military factories, mainly in the heavy industry sector. It was given a different name depending on the factory, such as a factory council. Some consisted mainly of labor representatives with a few employer representatives joining as advisors, while others were made up of both labor and management representatives. Most were introduced at the initiative of employers to prevent cross-company labor unions from infiltrating companies, and the main issues discussed were work efficiency and employee benefits, so they did not go beyond being an advisory body to employers. From the late 1930s, they were integrated and absorbed into the Sangyo Hokokukai system and disappeared. Unlike trade unions, which are organizations for the voluntary solidarity of workers, or collective bargaining systems in which a trade union is one of the parties, factory committees can be seen as a type of employee representation system or labor-management consultation system at the company, business establishment, or factory level. In this respect, similar organizations and structures existed in Britain during World War I and the interwar period, such as the works committee or joint works committee recommended by the government's Whitley Committee, and in the United States, the employee representation plan, which was introduced by employers and featured institutions with names such as shop committees and works councils. It is said that Japanese factory committees were modeled on these British and American structures. [Namie Iwao] Nishinarita Yutaka, Studies on the History of Industrial Relations in Modern Japan (1988, University of Tokyo Press) ▽ H.A. Clegg, The Development of the British Industrial Relations System, translated by Makino Tomio, Kogure Masao, Iwade Hiroshi, and Yamashita Koji (1988, Minerva Shobo) ▽ Ito Kenichi and Sekiguchi Sadakazu (eds.), New Deal Labor Policy and Employee Representation: The Historical Premise of Contemporary American Industrial Relations (2009, Minerva Shobo) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1920年代から1930年代にかけて、日本のおもに重工業部門の財閥系大企業や国営軍工廠(こうしょう)の工場において、労使間の意思疎通のため設置された機関。工場協議会など工場によっては異なった名称もみられる。労働者側代表の委員を主体に若干の使用者側委員が参与として加わるものと、労使双方の委員からなるものとがある。企業横断的な労働組合の企業への浸透を排除するために、使用者側の主導で導入されたものがほとんどで、審議事項は作業能率や福利厚生が中心であり、使用者の諮問機関の域を出なかった。1930年代末から産業報国会体制に統合・吸収され消滅していった。 工場委員会は、労働者の自主的団結の組織である労働組合や、労働組合を一方の当事者とする団体交渉制度とは異なり、企業や事業所・工場単位の従業員代表制や労使協議制の一種とみることができる。この点では類似の組織や仕組みが第一次世界大戦中および戦間期に、イギリスでは政府のホイットレー委員会が推奨した工場委員会works committeeないし合同工場委員会joint works committeeとして、アメリカでは使用者側が導入した工場委員会shop committeeや工場協議会works councilなどの名称の機関を備えた従業員代表制度employee representation planとして、それぞれ存在した。日本の工場委員会は、これらのイギリスやアメリカの仕組みがモデルにされたともいわれる。 [浪江 巖] 『西成田豊著『近代日本労資関係史の研究』(1988・東京大学出版会)』▽『H・A・クレッグ著、牧野富夫・木暮雅夫・岩出博・山下幸司訳『イギリス労使関係制度の発展』(1988・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『伊藤健市・関口定一編著『ニューディール労働政策と従業員代表制――現代アメリカ労使関係の歴史的前提』(2009・ミネルヴァ書房)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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