Pacific saury - Sanma (English spelling)

Japanese: サンマ - さんま(英語表記)Pacific saury
Pacific saury - Sanma (English spelling)

It is an oceanic surface-dwelling marine fish belonging to the order Garcinia and family Sauridae of the class Osteichthyes. In the Kansai region, it is called Saira or Halfbeak, and in Mie Prefecture, Kado. It is distributed in the southern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the East China Sea, and the southern polar to subtropical parts of the Pacific Ocean, and in the waters off Japan from the Kuril Islands to the Okinawa Islands, and in the waters off the American continent from Alaska to Baja California. It has a long and slender body, with both jaws beak-like, and the lower jaw protruding beyond the upper jaw. The lateral line runs near the ventral edge. The dorsal fin begins behind the anal fin. There are several small fins behind the dorsal and anal fins. The tip of the lower jaw is yellow. It can grow to a maximum length of 43 cm and weigh 350 grams.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano]

Life history

They mature at over 20 centimeters in length and carry 400 to 3,000 eggs. In spring or autumn, they lay sticky eggs on floating objects or floating seaweed such as sargassum in the northern edge of warm currents. The eggs are elliptical, almost spherical, with about 20 attached threads at one end and one long string rotated 90 degrees from this, which entangle them around solid objects.

After fertilization, they hatch in about 17 days at 15°C and about 10 days at 20°C. The hatched larvae are 7.2 mm long. At 2.3 cm long, their fins are fully developed and they become fry, and at 4 cm or more they gain the ability to swim. At about 5 cm, they become juveniles and start to form schools. They grow quickly, with schools born in the spring reaching 24 cm at one year old and 32 cm at two years old, while schools born in the fall reaching 17 cm at one year old and 28 cm at two years old. They have a lifespan of two years. They have a digestive system with no stomach and short intestines. During their lives, they feed mainly on copepods such as copepods and zooplankton such as krill, and occasionally on small fish such as fish eggs and anchovies, but their diet varies significantly depending on the growth stage, season, and sea area. They actively feed from dusk to around 11:00.

Pacific saury is also an important food source for yellowtail amberjack, dolphin fish, sharks, bluefin tuna, neon flying squid, whales, and seabirds.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano]

Migration

Pacific saury are distributed over a wide area of ​​the ocean from Japan to the west coast of the United States, but are divided into three groups: the Northwest Pacific group, the Central Pacific group, and the Northeast Pacific group. Research on population genetics and parasitology has revealed that there is interaction between the Northwest Pacific group and the Central Pacific group. Several small groups have also been found within the Northwest Pacific group, but this is thought to be because Pacific saury have a long spawning season, spawn several times in one season, and the spawning times and locations are slightly different.

On the Pacific coast of Japan, when the Kuroshio Current is gaining strength in spring and summer, they move north from the coast to offshore in search of food. Some adult fish spawn during this time. At the end of July, they reach the coastal waters of the Tohoku region and the waters near the central Kuril Islands. In general, large fish, medium fish, small fish, and young fish migrate north in this order, with the large fish going the furthest north. In August, some of the schools pass through the channels of the southern Kuril Islands and reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the eastern coast of Sakhalin. From the end of August, when the water temperature drops, they migrate to the coast of Hokkaido. Large fish of about 30 cm in size reach the waters of the Tohoku region in September and October, while medium-sized fish of 25 to 28 cm migrate to the coastal waters of Ibaraki Prefecture in November and December, and to the coasts and offshore waters of Kumano Nada and Shikoku in January to March. During this time, large and medium-sized fish spawn. The southern limit of Pacific saury migration is between 25 and 30 degrees north latitude, where the surface water temperature is 18 to 22°C.

Pacific saury in the Sea of ​​Japan migrate north from spring to summer, spawning along the boundary between the Tsushima Warm Current and the Cold Current. They arrive in Yamaguchi Prefecture from April to June, from Sado Island to the Oga Peninsula in May and June, and off the coast of Hokkaido in June and July, before heading to northern waters in mid-August. Some pass through the Soya Strait and enter the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In autumn, they migrate south through a water temperature zone of 15-16°C relatively far offshore, reaching the Kyushu coast after October and spending the winter in southern Kyushu until March or April. The schools migrating south are significantly smaller in number than those in the Pacific Ocean. They also spawn on their way south, but spawning activity is not as active as it is on their way north.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano]

Fisheries

Pacific saury is an important fishery resource, and in some years more than 500,000 tons have been landed. In particular, nearly 80% of Japan's Pacific saury catch is caught in the waters off Hokkaido and the Tohoku region. The main fishing season here is from August to November. Fishing grounds are on the edge of the Oyashio front until mid-October, and thereafter in the mixed waters of the Oyashio and Kuroshio currents. The catch varies greatly from year to year due to factors such as the strength and direction of the two currents, and there are cycles of 9 or 36 years. In years when the center of the Oyashio Current moves south near the shore and fishing grounds form along the coast, large and medium-sized fish are caught, resulting in a good catch. In years when the center of the Oyashio Current passes offshore, fishing grounds form offshore, the fish are small, and the catch is small.

They are caught from January to July in the central Pacific Ocean, and from December to March in the Kumano Nada and Tosa Bay. The fishing season in the Sea of ​​Japan is autumn and spring in the southern part, June and July in the central part, and July and August in Hokkaido.

Around 1930, saury were mainly caught with drift nets (gill nets), but in 1939, a pole-hold net was developed to take advantage of the tendency of saury to gather around light at night. This fishing method is efficient and does not damage the fish, so it spread rapidly from around 1950. The pole-hold net attracts fish with a fishing light and scoops up the net underneath to catch them, but in recent years, the method has become more efficient with the use of sonar and fish finders to detect schools of fish and fish pumps that suck up the fish caught in the net and send them to a fish storehouse. In the west coast of Hokkaido and the waters off Sado Island, a fishing method has long been used in which a hole is made in the center of a mat floating on the sea surface, and the fish that have gathered underneath the mat are caught by hand by inserting a hand through the hole.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano]

Food

It is a typical fish for the masses, but it is unclear when it first became a food source. The Edo period encyclopedia "Wakan Sansai Zue" describes saury as the lowest of fish. The famous rakugo story "Meguro no Sanma" is from the Edo period, and its theme is the contrast between the lowly saury and the feudal lord.

A characteristic of Pacific saury is its high fat content, but this varies greatly depending on the size of the fish and the time of fishing. Small Pacific saury generally have less fat, but the larger the Pacific saury, the greater the variation. Pacific saury caught off the coast of Hokkaido in August contain only about 10% fat, but those caught in October contain as much as 20% fat. Pacific saury arrive off the coast of Boso at that time, so those caught in Kujukurihama and Kashima Nada are said to be the tastiest. After spawning, the amount of fat starts to decrease again, and by December it is down to 5%, and they are completely thin. Around Wakayama Prefecture, Pacific saury has very little fat and does not taste good as raw fish, so it is processed into sushi and other dishes. Pacific saury caught on the Japan Sea coast also has little fat, and is often processed into salted and dried fish. Pacific saury can be grilled with salt, miso, kabayaki, vinegared, fried, marinated, or buttered. Processed products include raw dried salted saury, mirin-dried saury, smoked saury, and canned saury boiled in water, grilled in broiled fish, and simmered in tomatoes. In the Tohoku region, many places make saury izushi, which is made by salting saury and fermenting it with rice. Although saury is fatty and delicious in the fall, lightly salted and frozen saury is available all year round.

[Tomomi Kono and Midori Otaki]

[Reference] | Copepoda
Pacific saury
©Shogakukan ">

Pacific saury

Pacific saury (specimen drawing)
© Tadaaki Ohkata ">

Pacific saury (specimen drawing)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

硬骨魚綱ダツ目サンマ科に属する外洋表層性の海水魚。関西地方ではサイラ、サヨリ、三重県ではカドという。オホーツク海南部、東シナ海、太平洋の寒帯南部から亜熱帯に分布し、日本近海では千島列島から沖縄諸島付近まで、アメリカ大陸近海ではアラスカからバハ・カリフォルニアにかけて生息する。体は細長く、両あごはくちばし状で、下顎(かがく)は上顎よりも突出する。側線は腹縁近くを走る。背びれの起部は臀(しり)びれの起部より後から始まる。背びれと臀びれの後方に数個の小さなひれがある。下顎の先端は黄色。最大全長43センチメートル、体重350グラムになる。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫]

生活史

体長20センチメートル以上で成熟し、400~3000粒の卵をはらむ。春または秋に暖流の北縁部で、浮遊物やホンダワラ類などの流れ藻に粘着卵を産み付ける。卵は球形に近い楕円(だえん)形で、一端に約20本の付属糸が、またこれより90度回転した部分に1本の長い紐(ひも)があって、これらで固形物に絡まる。

 受精後15℃で約17日、20℃では10日前後で孵化(ふか)する。孵化仔魚(しぎょ)は全長7.2ミリメートル。全長2.3センチメートルで各ひれが完成して稚魚となり、4センチメートル以上で遊泳力が加わる。5センチメートルぐらいから若魚となり、群れをつくり始める。成長は速く、春に生まれた群れは、1歳で24センチメートル、2歳で32センチメートル、秋に生まれた群れは1歳で17センチメートル、2歳で28センチメートル余りになる。寿命は2年である。胃がなく、腸が短い消化器系を有する。一生の間、コペポーダなどの橈脚(とうきゃく)類、オキアミなどの動物プランクトンを主食とし、ときに魚卵やカタクチイワシなどの小魚を食べるが、成長段階や季節、海域などによって食性は著しく異なる。日暮れから11時ごろまでは活発に餌(えさ)をとる。

 また、サンマはヒラマサ、シイラ、サメ類、クロマグロ、アカイカ、クジラ、海鳥などにとって重要な餌になる。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫]

回遊

サンマは日本からアメリカ西岸にかけての広い海域に分布するが、北西太平洋群、中部太平洋群、北東太平洋群の3群に分けられている。集団遺伝学や寄生虫学などの研究から、北西太平洋群と中央太平洋群の間に交流があることが判明している。また北西太平洋群のなかでもいくつかの小集団が認められるが、サンマは産卵期が長く、1産卵期に数回産卵し、その時期や場所が少しずつずれているためと考えられる。

 日本の太平洋側では、黒潮の勢力が増大していく春から夏に、沿岸から沖合いにかけて餌(えさ)を求めて北上する。その間に一部の成魚は産卵する。7月末には東北沖合いから中部千島の近海に至る。一般には大型魚、中型魚、小型魚、若魚の順に北上回遊し、大型魚はもっとも北まで行く。8月に一部の群は南千島の水道を通って、オホーツク海から樺太(からふと)(サハリン)東岸に達する。水温が低下する8月末から、北海道の沿岸に来遊する。30センチメートル前後の大形魚は9、10月に東北地方海域へ、25~28センチメートルの中形魚は11~12月に茨城県近海、1~3月には熊野灘(なだ)や四国の沿岸や沖合いまで回遊する。この間に大形魚や中形魚は産卵する。サンマの回遊の南限域は北緯25~30度で、表面水温は18~22℃である。

 日本海のサンマは、春から夏にかけて対馬(つしま)暖流と寒流との境を産卵しながら北上する。山口県には4~6月、佐渡島から男鹿(おが)半島には5、6月、北海道沖合いへは6、7月に来遊し、8月中ごろに北方海域へ向かう。一部は宗谷海峡を通ってオホーツク海に入る。秋には、比較的沖合いの15~16℃の水温帯を通って南下し、10月以降に九州沿海に達し、3、4月まで九州南部で越冬する。南下回遊をする群れは太平洋のそれに比して数が著しく少ない。南下の途中でも産卵するが、北上回遊時のように産卵活動は活発でない。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫]

漁業

サンマは重要な水産資源であり、多い年には50万トン以上も水揚げされたことがある。とくに北海道と東北地方海域では、日本のサンマ漁獲量の80%近くがとれる。ここでの主漁期は8~11月である。漁場は、10月中旬までは親潮前線の縁辺上に、それ以後は親潮と黒潮の混合水域に形成される。両潮の強弱、方向などの要因で、漁獲量は年によって大きく変動し、9年または36年の周期がある。親潮の中心が岸近くに南下し、漁場が沿岸に形成される年は、大形や中形がとれて豊漁となる。親潮の中心が沖を通る年は、漁場が沖合いに形成され、魚体は小さくて漁獲量も少ない。

 太平洋中部では1~7月、熊野灘や土佐(とさ)湾では12月から翌年3月に漁獲される。日本海の漁期は、南部で秋と春、中部で6、7月、北海道で7、8月である。

 1930年(昭和5)ごろはおもに流し網(刺網)で漁獲したが、1939年に、夜間サンマが光に集まる習性を利用したサンマ棒受網(ぼううけあみ)が開発された。この漁法は能率がよく、魚体も傷がつかないことから、1950年(昭和25)ごろから急速に普及した。棒受網は、集魚灯で魚群を集め、その下に敷いてあった網をすくい上げて捕獲するものであるが、近年はソナーや魚群探知機などを用いた魚群の探知や、網のなかに集めた魚を吸い上げて魚倉に送り込むフィッシュポンプなどを用いた効率化が進んでいる。北海道西岸域や佐渡島近海では、海面に浮かべた莚(むしろ)の中央部に穴をあけ、ここから手を入れて莚の下に集まったサンマを手づかみする漁法が古くからある。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫]

食品

代表的な大衆魚であるが、いつごろから食用とされたかは不明である。江戸時代の百科事典である『和漢三才図会(ずえ)』には、サンマは魚中の下品であると記載されている。「目黒のさんま」で有名な落語も江戸時代のことで、下等なサンマと大名の対比がテーマになっている。

 脂質含量の多いのがサンマの特徴であるが、魚の大小、漁獲時期によって大きく変動する。小形のサンマは一般的に脂質が少ないが、大形になると変動が大きい。8月に北海道の沖合いでとれるサンマは10%前後の脂質しか含まないが、10月にとれるものは20%も脂質を含む。ちょうどそのころ房総沖にくるので、九十九里浜、鹿島灘(かしまなだ)のものが最高の味といわれている。産卵を済ませると脂質の量はふたたび減りだし、12月ごろには5%になり、まったくやせてしまう。和歌山県あたりでは、脂質分がたいへん少なく、生魚(なまざかな)としては味がよくないので、棒ずしなどに加工される。日本海側でとれるサンマも脂質が少なく、塩干物に加工されることが多い。サンマは塩焼き、みそ焼き、蒲(かば)焼き、酢の物、フライ、マリネ、バター焼きなどにする。加工品には生干しの塩さんま、みりん干し、薫製、缶詰では水煮、蒲焼き、トマト煮などがある。東北では、塩をして飯とともに漬け込んで発酵させたサンマのいずしをつくる所が多い。なお、サンマは脂(あぶら)がのって味がよいのは秋だが、軽く塩をして冷凍保存したものが一年中出回っている。

[河野友美・大滝 緑]

[参照項目] | コペポーダ
サンマ
©Shogakukan">

サンマ

サンマ〔標本画〕
©大片忠明">

サンマ〔標本画〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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