Oud (English spelling)

Japanese: ウード(英語表記)`ūd
Oud (English spelling)
A stringed instrument used in Arab countries, Turkey, and Iran. It is a plucked stringed instrument of the lute family with a body made of marquetry in the shape of a vertically split pear, a short neck without frets, and a thin board stretched over the underside. The string cell bends backwards, and the pegs are inserted horizontally from both sides. Today's ouds have five or six courses of double strings (made of sheep's gut or nylon), and are basically tuned in fourths, although this tuning method can vary depending on the nature of the maqam. There is a sound hole decorated with openwork carvings of ivory or other material slightly above the center of the top, and the bridge is fixed onto the top. A plectrum made of a thin board of tortoise shell or other material is stretched between the two, and the player holds the instrument horizontally and plucks the strings by striking the plectrum made of a bird's feather against the plectrum. The oud has been the most important instrument in Arabic classical music since the 9th century, and ancient music theorists have used it to develop their theories of scale and ethos. The oud is also the ancestor of the European lute, and the names lute (England), luth (France), laud (Spain), and Laute (Germany) are also derived from the Arabic word al-`ūd. In terms of musical instrument history, the oud is thought to have been modeled after the barbat of Sassanid Persia, making it a sister instrument of the Chinese and Japanese biwa.

Oud
Eudes; Odo

[Raw] 860?
[Died] 1 January 898. Laferre, Count of Paris, King of the West Franks (reigned 888-898). Also called Odo. During the Norman invasion of 885-886, he successfully defended Paris, and in 888 became King of the West Franks, replacing Carolingian Charles III (the Fat). However, he was hindered by the rebellion of Baldwin II of Flanders and the rebellion in Aquitaine, and he compromised with the Normans and recognized the superiority of East Frankish King Arnulf. While he was in Aquitaine, Bishop Fulk of Reims crowned Carolingian Charles III (the Simple) in 893, which started a civil war between the two kings, but Charles was defeated and recognized the throne of Odo, who in turn gave him the land between the Seine and the Meuse. On his death, he left a will to his brother Robert I to support Charles.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
アラブ諸国,トルコおよびイランで使われる弦鳴楽器。西洋なしを縦割りにした形の寄木細工の胴と,フレットのない短い棹をもつリュート属の撥弦楽器で,腹面には薄い板が張ってある。糸蔵は後方に折れ曲り,糸巻はその両側から横に差込まれる。今日のウードは5~6コースの複弦 (羊腸弦あるいはナイロン) で,基本的に4度関係を保って調弦される。ただしマカームの性格によってはこの調弦法も変りうる。表板の中央よりやや上方に,象牙などの透かし彫で飾った響孔があり,ブリッジ (駒) は表板上に固着される。両者の間に鼈甲などの薄い板でつくった撥面が張られ,奏者は楽器を水平にかかえて,鳥の羽軸の撥を撥面に打ちつけるようにして弦をはじく。ウードは9世紀以来,アラビア古典音楽で最も重んじられた楽器で,古来の音楽理論家はこの楽器によって音階理論やエートス論を展開した。またウードはヨーロッパのリュートの祖先であり,lute (イギリス) ,luth (フランス) ,laud (スペイン) ,Laute (ドイツ) などの名称も,アラビア語 al-`ūdに由来している。なお楽器史では,ササン朝ペルシアのバルバットがウードの原型となったと考えられるので,中国および日本の琵琶とも姉妹関係になる。

ウード
Eudes; Odo

[生]860?
[没]898.1.1. ラフェール
パリ伯,西フランク王 (在位 888~898) 。オドとも呼ばれる。 885~886年のノルマンの侵略に際しパリ防衛に成功し,888年カロリング朝のシャルル3世 (肥満王) に代わって西フランク王となった。しかしフランドルのボールドウィン2世の反抗やアキテーヌにおける反乱に妨害され,ノルマンと妥協し東フランク王アルヌルフの優位を認めた。アキテーヌに滞在中にランスの司教フルクが,893年カロリング朝のシャルル3世 (単純王)を戴冠させたため,2人の王の間で内乱が始まったが,シャルルは敗れてウードの王位を認め,ウードもセーヌとミューズ間の土地をシャルルに与えた。死に際して弟ロベール1世にシャルルを支持するように遺言した。

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