Pancreatitis - Suien (English spelling) pancreatitis

Japanese: 膵炎 - すいえん(英語表記)pancreatitis
Pancreatitis - Suien (English spelling) pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, and can be divided into acute and chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is explained in a separate section (chronic pancreatitis), so here we will discuss acute pancreatitis.

[Kazumichi Nakayama]

Acute pancreatitis

It is an acute inflammation of the pancreas that can affect other adjacent and distant organs. Pancreatic juice contains a large amount of powerful digestive enzymes, and if the digestive enzymes are activated in the pancreas for some reason, the pancreas itself dissolves, and the digestive enzymes escape into the bloodstream and are distributed throughout the body. In this way, it is an acute inflammation that develops as a result of autodigestion of the pancreas. It can range from mild symptoms such as mild abdominal pain to severe cases where multiple organs fail in a short period of time. The most common cause is excessive alcohol consumption, followed by idiopathic (unknown cause) and cholelithiasis. It can also be seen in retrograde pancreatography, pancreatic injury, and drug-induced conditions.

Symptoms in the majority of cases are sudden onset, accompanied by upper abdominal pain that radiates down the back. The abdominal pain is constant and is somewhat alleviated by hunching the back and assuming a shrimp-like position. Nausea and vomiting are observed, and abdominal distension often occurs as well. Tenderness is mild in the early stages, but resistance and rebound tenderness appear as the lesion progresses. Fever occurs, but it rarely exceeds 38°C, and a high fever should be suspected as a biliary tract infection. In severe cases, symptoms of intestinal obstruction and shock symptoms such as low blood pressure, tachycardia, and cold sweats appear. When bloody exudate moves into the subcutaneous tissue, skin ecchymoses around the navel (Cullen's sign) and on the flanks (Grey-Turner's sign) may be seen.

Test results show that serum amylase peaks 1-2 days after onset, and high urinary amylase levels persist after a delay. It is accompanied by an increase in leukocytosis. Gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis often leads to obstructive jaundice, and other acute pancreatitis may also present with mild jaundice due to inflammation in the biliary tract. Severe cases may show hypocalcemia and hemoconcentration, and may be complicated by renal impairment, resulting in elevated serum urinary nitrogen and urinary creatinine. X-rays show images of intestinal gas due to localized intestinal obstruction. Ultrasound is one of the first tests to be performed, and computed tomography (CT) can provide objective local images without being affected by gastrointestinal gas or fatty tissue in the abdominal wall and abdominal cavity. Pancreatic enlargement, inflammatory changes around the pancreas, fluid retention, and non-uniform density of the pancreatic parenchyma are observed.

Conservative therapy is performed while paying close attention to overall systemic management, as although the lesion is localized to the pancreas, it can cause a variety of damage to important organs throughout the body relatively early on. In severe hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis, shock and renal failure are likely to occur, and the mortality rate is high. The patient is fasted and given sufficient fluid replacement to compensate for the decrease in circulating plasma volume that accompanies inflammation. Analgesics are important for controlling the persistent and severe pain, and in severe cases, prophylactic administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics with high pancreatic transfer is necessary. Protease inhibitors are also administered. Percutaneous or surgical drainage is performed for pancreatic abscesses, and laparotomy is performed to remove the necrotic part of the pancreas for infected pancreatic necrosis. In severe cases, it is advisable to transfer the patient to a higher level medical facility.

[Kazumichi Nakayama]

[References] | Amylase | Shock | Kidney failure | Pancreas | Pancreatic necrosis | Cholelithiasis | Chronic pancreatitis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

膵臓の炎症性病変で、膵臓炎ともいい、急性膵炎と慢性膵炎に分けられる。慢性膵炎は、別項目(慢性膵炎)で解説してあるので、ここでは急性膵炎について述べる。

[中山和道]

急性膵炎

膵臓の急性の炎症で、ほかの隣接する臓器や遠隔臓器にも影響を及ぼしうる。膵液中には強烈な消化酵素が豊富に含まれており、何らかの理由で消化酵素が膵臓内で活性化すると膵臓自身が溶けてしまい、消化酵素が血中に逸脱し全身に散布される。このように、膵臓の自己消化を契機に発症する急性の炎症である。軽度の腹痛を訴えるだけの軽症から、短時間で多臓器不全に陥る重症まである。成因でもっとも多いのはアルコール多飲で、特発性(原因不明)、胆石症がこれに次ぐ。逆行性膵管造影検査、膵損傷、薬物性などにもみられる。

 症状としては、大多数は突然発症し、上腹部痛を伴い背中に放散する。腹痛は持続性で背中を丸めてエビ型姿勢をとるといくらか軽快する。悪心(おしん)、嘔吐(おうと)がみられ、腹部膨満感もしばしば出現する。圧痛は、初期は軽度で、病変が進行すると抵抗、反跳痛がみられるようになる。発熱をきたすが、38℃を超えることは少なく、高熱を呈するときは胆道感染症を疑う。重症になってくると、腸閉塞症状、さらに血圧下降、頻脈、冷汗などのショック症状を呈してくる。血性滲出(しんしゅつ)液が皮下組織に移動すると、へその周囲(カレン徴候)や側腹部に皮膚溢血(いっけつ)班(グレイ・ターナー徴候)をみることがある。

 検査成績では、血清アミラーゼは発症後1~2日で最高値に達し、遅れて尿アミラーゼの高値が持続する。白血球増加を伴う。胆石性急性膵炎では、しばしば閉塞性黄疸(おうだん)をきたし、それ以外の急性膵炎でも炎症が胆道におよぶため軽度の黄疸を呈することがある。重症例では低カルシウム血症や血液濃縮を示し、腎障害を合併するため、血清中尿窒素や尿中クレアチニンの上昇をみることがある。X(エックス)線検査では局所的な腸閉塞による腸管ガス像が出現する。超音波検査は、最初に行われるべき検査の一つでありCT(computed tomography)は消化管ガスや腹壁・腹腔内の脂肪組織の影響を受けることなく、客観的な局所画像を描出することが可能である。膵腫大、膵周囲の炎症性変化、液体貯留、膵実質densityの不均一化などがみられる。

 治療としては、膵臓の局所の病変でありながら、比較的早期に全身の重要臓器に多彩な障害を伴うことから全身管理に注意しながら保存的療法を行う。出血性や壊死性の重症膵炎では、ショックや腎不全が出現しやすく死亡率は高い。絶食させて炎症に伴う循環血漿(けっしょう)量の低下を補うために十分な補液を行う。鎮痛薬は持続的な激しい疼痛(とうつう)のコントロールに重要であり、重症例には膵移行性の高い広域スペクトラムの抗菌薬の予防投与が必要である。また、タンパク分解酵素阻害薬の投与も行われている。膵膿瘍に対しては経皮的または外科的ドレナージ術が、感染性膵壊死には開腹による膵壊死部摘出術が行われる。重症例は高次医療施設への搬送が望まれる。

[中山和道]

[参照項目] | アミラーゼ | ショック | 腎不全 | 膵臓 | 膵臓壊死 | 胆石症 | 慢性膵炎

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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