Limestone cave - shounyuudo

Japanese: 鍾乳洞 - しょうにゅうどう
Limestone cave - shounyuudo

Also known as limestone caves, they are a type of karst topography. They are caves formed underground in limestone regions by the dissolution of groundwater. Rain that falls in limestone regions flows over the surface and quickly seeps into the ground, forming labyrinth-like caves underground as it flows as groundwater. This is because calcium carbonate, the main component of limestone, undergoes the following reversible reaction with groundwater containing carbon dioxide, producing soluble calcium bicarbonate.

CaCO 3 +CO 2 +H 2 O⇄Ca(HCO 3 ) 2
This reaction dissolves the limestone, forming a cave, and a solution of calcium bicarbonate seeping out from the ceiling falls as droplets into the cave, crystallizing calcium carbonate. Over the years, these grow into icicles from the ceiling, forming stalactites, while on the cave floor where the droplets fall, they form bamboo-shoot-like stalagmites. Sometimes stalactites and stalagmites join together to form limestone columns. The groundwater flowing at the bottom of the cave forms travertine terraces (a hundred plates) that look like many plates stacked on top of each other at waterfalls and rapids, and the cave gradually becomes blocked.

Limestone caves are sometimes divided into several levels, and often have underground rivers running through them. It is extremely difficult to accurately determine the flow direction of a labyrinthine underground river and the flow rate within the river basin, but since the 1970s, research has been conducted using isotopes and other techniques to clarify the groundwater systems in limestone regions. The quality of water in caves is determined by factors such as flow rate, water temperature, ceiling thickness, and surface vegetation, and is not necessarily constant, but generally the total hardness due to calcium hardness, evaporation residue, and pH (hydrogen ion concentration) are extremely high, making the water unsuitable for drinking.

The world's largest limestone cave is in Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky, USA, which is over 580 km long, 150 km wide at its widest point, and 80 meters high. There are more than 20 large limestone caves distributed in the Dinaric Plateau region of the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic Sea, but the Postojna Cave in Slovenia is famous, with tracks laid inside the cave and visitors riding a locomotive to see it. In Japan, famous caves include Akka Cave in Iwate Prefecture (23.7 km long, the longest in Japan), Hakuun Cave in Taishakudai, Hiroshima Prefecture, Akiyoshi Cave in Akiyoshidai, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Ryuga Cave in Kochi Prefecture, and Furen Cave in Oita Prefecture. Limestone caves are important as research subjects for limnology, geology, biology, archaeology, and other fields, and there is an academic field called speleology that combines these fields. It is believed that the cave still needs further investigation and research.

[Mitsui Yoshio]

"The Akiyoshidai Limestone Caves" by Michihiro Kono (1980, Kisuikai)""The World of Limestone Caves" by Heizaburo Yamauchi (1985, Okinawa Publishing)""To the Unexplored Great Cave: The Story of Akiyoshi Cave Exploration" by Susumu Sakurai (1999, Kaichosha)"

[References] | Isotopes | Akiyoshi Cave | Akka Cave | Karst topography | Stalactites | Stalactites | Limestone | Taishaku Gorge | Calcium carbonate | Groundwater | Cave | Furen Cave | Postojna | Mammoth Cave National Park | Ryugado Cave
Akiyoshido "100 Plates"
Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park Area. Nationally designated special natural monument. Mine City, Yamaguchi Prefecture. ©Yamaguchi Prefecture Tourism Federation .

Akiyoshido "100 Plates"

Ryugado Cave
Nationally designated natural monument Nationally designated historic site Kami City, Kochi Prefecture ©Kochi Prefectural Tourism and Convention Association

Ryugado Cave

Furen Cave (Furen Cave)
Near Mount Kyoshu in Ryugujo Castle. Nationally designated natural monument, Usuki City, Oita Prefecture © Tourism Oita Public Interest Incorporated Association

Furen Cave (Furen Cave)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

石灰洞ともいい、カルスト地形の一種。石灰岩地域の地下に地下水の溶食によってできた洞穴(どうけつ)。石灰岩地域に降った雨は、地表を流れるとともに速やかに浸透し、地下水として流動しつつ地中に迷路状の洞穴をつくる。これは、石灰岩の主成分である炭酸カルシウムが炭酸ガスを含む地下水と次のような可逆反応をおこし、可溶性の重炭酸カルシウムを生ずるからである。

  CaCO3+CO2+H2O⇄Ca(HCO3)2
 この反応によって石灰岩が溶け、洞穴ができると、天井からにじみ出てくる重炭酸カルシウムの溶液が洞中に水滴となって落下し、炭酸カルシウムを晶出する。これが長年の間に天井からつらら状に成長して鍾乳石をつくり、一方、水滴の落下する洞床上にはタケノコ状の石筍(せきじゅん)をつくる。鍾乳石と石筍とが接続して石灰柱を形成することもある。洞底を流れる地下水流が、滝や早瀬で多数の皿を重ねたような形の石灰華段丘(せっかいかだんきゅう)(百枚皿)などを形成し、洞穴はしだいに閉塞(へいそく)されていく。

 鍾乳洞は数段に分かれてつくられていることもあり、洞穴内を地下川(ちかせん)が流れていることも多い。迷路状になった地下川の流向や流域内の流量を正しく求めることはきわめて困難であるが、1970年代以降、アイソトープ(同位体)などを用いて、石灰岩地域の地下水系を明らかにしようとする研究も進んできた。洞穴内の水質は流量や水温、天井の厚さとか地表の植生などに支配され、かならずしも一定ではないが、一般的にカルシウム硬度に起因しての総硬度、蒸発残留物、pH(水素イオン濃度)などがきわめて高く、飲料水には適さない。

 世界最大の鍾乳洞は、アメリカのケンタッキー州にあるマンモス・ケーブ国立公園のもので、長さ580キロメートル以上、最大幅150キロメートル、高さ80メートルにも及ぶ。アドリア海に沿ったバルカン半島のディナル高原地帯には20余りの大きな鍾乳洞が分布しているが、スロベニアのポストイナの洞窟(どうくつ)は有名で洞内に軌道が敷かれ、機関車に乗って見物するほどのものである。日本では、岩手県の安家(あっか)洞(長さ23.7キロメートル、日本で最長)、広島県帝釈(たいしゃく)台の白雲洞、山口県秋吉台の秋芳(あきよし)洞、高知県の龍河(りゅうが)洞、大分県の風連(ふうれん)洞などが有名。鍾乳洞は、陸水学、地質学、生物学、考古学などの研究対象として重要で、これらを総合した洞穴学という学問分野がある。鍾乳洞は、まだまだ調査研究を行うべき段階にあると考えられている。

[三井嘉都夫]

『河野道弘著『秋吉台の鍾乳洞』(1980・帰水会)』『山内平三郎著・写真『鍾乳洞の世界』(1985・沖縄出版)』『桜井進嗣著『未踏の大洞窟へ 秋芳洞探検物語』(1999・海鳥社)』

[参照項目] | アイソトープ | 秋芳洞 | 安家洞 | カルスト地形 | 鍾乳石 | 石筍 | 石灰岩 | 帝釈峡 | 炭酸カルシウム | 地下水 | 洞穴 | 風連鍾乳洞 | ポストイナ | マンモス・ケーブ国立公園 | 龍河洞
秋芳洞「百枚皿」
秋吉台国定公園域。国指定特別天然記念物 山口県美祢市©一般社団法人山口県観光連盟">

秋芳洞「百枚皿」

龍河洞
国指定天然記念物 国指定史跡 高知県香美市©公益財団法人高知県観光コンベンション協会">

龍河洞

風連鍾乳洞(風連洞窟)
竜宮城の競秀峰付近。国指定天然記念物 大分県臼杵市©公益社団法人ツーリズムおおいた">

風連鍾乳洞(風連洞窟)


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