Shandong problem

Japanese: 山東問題 - さんとうもんだい

An international conflict that arose during World War I when Japan occupied the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory and attempted to inherit German interests in Shandong Province. In the Twenty-One Demands of 1915, Japan demanded China transfer all former German interests in Shandong Province, but China opposed this, and the issue became complicated. The United States subsequently proposed international administration of Shandong by the five major powers, but Japan did not accept this proposal, and the Shandong Clauses were ratified in the Treaty of Versailles (Articles 156-158). However, China refused to sign the peace treaty, and an anti-Japanese movement arose. At the Washington Conference in 1921-22, Japan's proposal to define a sphere of influence was rejected, and the Open Door and Equal Opportunity policy was approved for China, which also applied to the Shandong issue. Japan and China signed the Treaty on the Settlement of the Shandong Issue on February 4, 1922. The main contents of the treaty included the return of Jiaozhou Bay and the free return of public property in the area, the withdrawal of Japanese troops stationed along the Qingdao-Jinan railway, the return of the Qingdao customs office, the abandonment of railway loans and their purchase with national treasury bonds, Japan's refusal to demand the establishment of exclusive or international settlements, and China's opening of the Shandong region to foreign trade and allowing foreigners the freedom to live and do business. On December 17 of the same year, the Japanese troops completed their withdrawal. (→Ishii-Lansing Agreement, May Fourth Movement)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

第1次世界大戦で日本が膠州湾租借地を占領し，山東省におけるドイツの権益を継承しようとして起った国際紛争。日本は中国に対し 1915年の対華二十一ヵ条要求で，山東省の旧ドイツ権益の全面的譲渡を主張していたが，中国の反対により，この問題は紛糾した。その後アメリカは，5強国による山東の国際管理を提案したが，日本は受入れず，ベルサイユ講和条約で山東条項を承認させた (156～158条) 。しかし中国は講和条約の調印を拒否し，排日運動が起った。 1921～22年のワシントン会議では，日本の主張する勢力範囲設定案を退け，中国に対する門戸開放・機会均等主義が承認され，山東問題にも適用された。日本と中国は 22年2月4日，山東懸案解決に関する条約に調印した。条約のおもな内容は，膠州湾還付と同地域公有財産の無償返還，青島済南府鉄道沿線駐屯の日本軍隊の撤退，青島税関返還，鉄道借款の放棄と国庫債券による買収，日本は専管居留地，国際居留地の設置を要求しないこと，中国は山東地域を外国貿易に開放し外国人の居住と営業の自由を許すこと，などであった。同年 12月 17日，日本軍は撤退を完了した。 (→石井＝ランシング協定 ,　五・四運動 )

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