Howells, William Dean

Japanese: ハウエルズ(英語表記)Howells, William Dean
Howells, William Dean
Born March 1, 1837 in Martins Ferry, Ohio
[Died] May 11, 1920, New York. American novelist and critic. He worked as a typesetter and newspaper reporter while studying English, German and Spanish literature. He served as consul in Venice from 1861 to 1865 after writing a biography of Lincoln for the election in 1860. After returning to the United States, he worked as an editor for the Atlantic Monthly (1866-1881), and published A Modern Instance (82) and The Rise of Silas Lapham (85), a realistic depiction of a newly wealthy man trying to join the upper class in Boston. He participated in the editorial team of Harper's Magazine from 1986 to 1992, and advocated a unique theory of realism in literature. His collection of essays includes Criticism and Fiction (91). Influenced by the times and Tolstoy, his later works are often colored by Christian socialism. He wrote 35 novels, including Annie Kilburn (89), A Hazard of New Fortunes (90), and A Traveler from Altruria (94), as well as 35 plays, 4 poetry collections, 6 essays, and 34 other books. He was known for his friendship with H. James and M. Twain, and for discovering many new writers, including S. Crane, H. Garland, and F. Norris, and was called the "great master" of American literature, Dean. Although he has some lukewarm limitations, he excels in character description and portrayal of everyday reality, and is highly regarded as a theorist and practitioner of realist literature.

Howells
Howells, William White

Born: November 27, 1908, New York
[Died] December 20, 2005. Cape Kittery, Maine. American physical anthropologist. After receiving his doctorate from Harvard University in 1934, he served as a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and a professor at the University of Wisconsin, before serving as a professor at Harvard University from 1954 to 1974. During this time, he trained many researchers and achieved many accomplishments by applying the methods of multivariate analysis to various problems in physical anthropology. One of his most notable studies was "Cranial Variation in Man: A Multivariate Analysis of Recent Variation Patterns Among Human Populations," published in 1973, which compared the results of cranial measurements of 17 human populations from Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. He also published many excellent papers in the field of paleoanthropology. His major works include Mankind in the Making (1959, 1967) and Cranial Variation in Man (1973).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1837.3.1. オハイオ,マーティンズフェリー
[没]1920.5.11. ニューヨーク
アメリカの小説家,批評家。植字工,新聞記者などをしながら独学,イギリス,ドイツ,スペインの文学に親しんだ。 1860年にリンカーンの選挙用の伝記を書いたことがきっかけで,61~65年ベネチア領事をつとめた。帰国後『アトランティック・マンスリー』誌の編集にたずさわり (1866~81) ,処女作『彼らの新婚旅行』 Their Wedding Journey (72) に続いて,『卑近な実例』A Modern Instance (82) ,ボストンを舞台に上流階級の仲間入りをはかる新興成金の姿を写実的に描いた『サイラス・ラパムの出世』 The Rise of Silas Lapham (85) などを発表。 86~92年『ハーパーズ・マガジン』の編集に参加,独特のリアリズム文学論を提唱,評論集に『批評と虚構』 Criticism and Fiction (91) などがある。後期の作品は,時代風潮やトルストイなどの影響から,キリスト教的社会主義の色彩の濃いものが多い。『アニー・キルバーン』 Annie Kilburn (89) ,『運命の浮沈』A Hazard of New Fortunes (90) ,『アルトルーリアから来た男』A Traveler from Altruria (94) など小説 35編をはじめ,戯曲 35,詩集4,評論6,その他 34冊の著書があり,H.ジェームズや M.トウェーンらと親交を結び,また S.クレーン,H.ガーランド,F.ノリスら多くの新人作家を見出したことでも知られ,アメリカ文学の「大御所」 Deanと称された。微温的な限界はあるが,性格描写や日常的な現実の描写にすぐれ,リアリズム文学の理論家,実践者として高く評価される。

ハウエルズ
Howells, William White

[生]1908.11.27. ニューヨーク
[没]2005.12.20. メーン,キタリー岬
アメリカの自然人類学者。 1934年にハーバード大学で博士号を取得したあと,ニューヨークのアメリカ自然史博物館の調査員,ウィスコンシン大学教授を経て,1954~74年ハーバード大学の教授を務めた。この間に多くの研究者を育成し,多変量解析の方法を自然人類学の諸問題に適用して,数々の業績をあげた。そのなかでも特筆される研究に,ヨーロッパ,アフリカ,アジア,オセアニアの 17の人類集団の頭蓋の計測結果を比較し,1973年に発表した「人類における頭骨の変異:近年の人類集団間の変異形態の多変量解析研究」がある。また古人類学の分野に関しても,すぐれた論文を多数発表した。主著に『人類の進化』 Mankind in the Making (1959,1967) ,『人類における頭骨の変異』 Cranial Variation in Man (1973) などがある。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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