Thirty-two aspects of the body

Japanese: 三十二相 - さんじゅうにそう
Thirty-two aspects of the body

These are the 32 characteristic features that Buddha and Chakravartin Kings (great mythical emperors) possess on their bodies. They are also called the 32 Great Features, the 32 Perfect Features, the 32 Great Scholar Features, the Great Features, and the 48 Features. The 80 subtle and hidden features of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are called the 80 types of good features, and together they are called the features. There are different theories on the features, names, and order of the 32 features depending on the sutra and commentary, but according to Volume 4 of the Mahaprajnaparamita Shastra, they are as follows:

(1) Feet standing calmly and flat: The soles of the feet are resting comfortably on the ground and are flat.

(2) Two wheels under the feet (a thousand-spoked wheels) There is a thousand-spoked wheels pattern on the soles of the feet.

(3) Long finger symmetry: The fingers are long.

(4) Wide and flat feet: The heels of the feet are wide and flat.

(5) Webbed fingers and toes: There are webbed fingers and toes between the fingers and toes.

(6) Flexible Hands: Having flexible hands and feet.

(7) High and full toes: The instep of the foot is high and rounded.

(8) Iniensen: The calves of this person are as delicate as those of a deer.

(9) Standing with hands and knees apart: When standing, both hands are long enough to reach beyond the knees.

(10) The genitals are hidden like a horse.

(11) Broad, long and even: The length and width of the body are well balanced.

(12) Upward hair growth: All the hair on the body grows upwards.

(13) The appearance of one hair growing from one hole: Each hair rotates to the right.

(14) Golden complexion: The skin is smooth and golden.

(15) Jokou (length of light): The light of the body illuminates an area about one meter on all four sides.

(16) Thin-skinned phase: The skin is thin and fine-grained.

(17) Seven-part protuberance: The flesh of seven parts of the body, namely, both hands, both feet, both shoulders and the nape of the neck, is protruding.

(18) Fullness of the Armpits: The flesh under both armpits is plump.

(19) The upper body is majestic like a lion.

(20) Daijikishin: Having a neat and tidy body.

(21) Full Shoulders: The shoulders are round and full.

(22) Forty-toothed phase: Having 40 teeth.

(23) Alignment of teeth: The teeth are aligned.

(24) White Teeth: Having white and pure teeth.

(25) Lion-cheeked face: Both cheeks are full.

(26) The best taste: Having the best possible taste.

(27) Large tongue: The tongue is wide and long, reaching down to the hairline.

(28) Sanskrit voice: The voice is clear and crisp.

(29) True blue eyes: The pupils are deep blue.

(30) Ox-eye eyelashes: Having eyelashes like those of an ox.

(31) The topknot appearance: The flesh on the top of the head is raised in the shape of a topknot. This part is called the flesh topknot, and because no one can see it, it is also called the no-see-top appearance.

(32) White Hair Appearance: There is white hair curling clockwise between the eyebrows, and the light emanating from it is called hair light or brow light.

The thirty-two marks are the result of the Buddha performing 100 good deeds in each of his past lives and thus acquired in this life. As each mark is endowed with 100 blessings, they are also known as the Hyakufuku Shogon (the Splendor of a Hundred Fortunes).

[Zuiei Ito]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仏陀(ぶっだ)や転輪聖王(てんりんじょうおう)(神話上の優れた帝王)が身体に具(そな)えている32の特徴的な形相(ぎょうそう)をいう。三十二大人(だいにん)相、三十二大丈夫(だいじょうふ)相、三十二大士(だいじ)相、大人相、四八(しはち)相ともいう。また仏陀や菩薩(ぼさつ)の微細隠密な80の特徴を八十種好(はちじっしゅごう)といい、両者をあわせて相好(そうごう)という。三十二相の形相、名称、順序には経論により異説があるが、『大智度論(だいちどろん)』巻4によると、次のとおりである。

(1)足下安平立(そくげあんぴょうりゅう)相 足底が地に安住し扁平である。

(2)足下二輪(そくげにりん)相(千輻輪(せんぷくりん)相) 足裏に千輻輪宝の肉紋がある。

(3)長指(ちょうし)相 指が長い。

(4)足跟広平(そっこんこうびょう)相 足の踵(かかと)が広くて平らである。

(5)手足指縵網(しゅそくしまんもう)相 手足の指の間に水かきがある。

(6)手柔軟(しゅにゅうなん)相 手足が柔軟である。

(7)足趺高満(そくふこうまん)相 足の甲が高く円満である。

(8)伊泥延膞(いにえんせん)相 足の腓(こぶら)が鹿王(くおう)のごとく繊細である。

(9)正立手摩膝(しょうりゅうしゅましつ)相 立てば両手は膝(ひざ)を越すほど長い。

(10)陰蔵(おんぞう)相 陰部は馬のごとく隠れている。

(11)身広長等(しんこうちょうとう)相 身体の縦・横が均整である。

(12)毛上向(もうじょうこう)相 身体の毛がすべて上向きに生えている。

(13)一一孔一毛生(いちいちくいちもうしょう)相 一つ一つの毛髪が右旋している。

(14)金色(こんじき)相 皮膚が滑らかで黄金のごとくである。

(15)丈光(じょうこう)相 身光が四面一丈を照らす。

(16)細薄皮(さいはくひ)相 皮膚が薄くきめ細かい。

(17)七処隆満(しちしょりゅうまん)相 両手・両足・両肩・うなじの七処の肉が隆起している。

(18)両腋下隆満(りょうえきげりゅうまん)相 両腋(わき)の下の肉がふくよかである。

(19)上身如師子(じょうしんにょしし)相 上半身が獅子(しし)のごとく威風堂々としている。

(20)大直身(だいじきしん)相 身体が端正である。

(21)肩円満(けんえんまん)相 肩の先が円く豊満である。

(22)四十歯(しじゅうし)相 歯が40本ある。

(23)歯斉(しせい)相 歯がそろっている。

(24)牙白(げびゃく)相 歯が白く清らかである。

(25)師子頬(ししきょう)相 両頬(ほお)が隆満している。

(26)味中得上味(みちゅうとくじょうみ)相 最上の味感をもつ。

(27)大舌(だいぜつ)相 舌が広長で髪の生え際まで届く。

(28)梵声(ぼんしょう)相 音声が朗々としている。

(29)真青眼(しんしょうげん)相 瞳(ひとみ)が紺青である。

(30)牛眼睫(ごげんしょう)相 牛王(ごおう)のようなまつげをもつ。

(31)頂髻(ちょうけい)相 頂上の肉が髻(もとどり)の形に隆起している。この部分を肉髻(にくけい)といい、何人(なんぴと)も見ることができないから、無見頂(むけんちょう)相ともいう。

(32)白毛(びゃくもう)相(白毫(びゃくごう)相) 眉間(みけん)に右回りに巻いている白毛があり、それより放たれる光を毫光(ごうこう)、眉間光という。

 三十二相は、仏が過去世にそれぞれ100の善行を修行した結果として今生(こんじょう)に得られたもので、それぞれに100の福徳が具わっているため、百福荘厳(ひゃくふくしょうごん)ともいう。

[伊藤瑞叡]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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