Alkaptonuria

Japanese: アルカプトン尿症 - あるかぷとんにょうしょう
Alkaptonuria

This is a congenital metabolic disorder in which alkapton (homogentisic acid) is excreted in urine and turns black if left untreated. When it is deposited in connective tissue, it is called ochronosis. This rare disease is caused by a deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase, and is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. This enzyme breaks down homogentisic acid, an intermediate metabolite of amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, to produce acetoacetic acid and fumaric acid. When this enzyme is deficient, homogentisic acid polymers are excreted as is in the urine. If left untreated, the urine turns black due to alkali and natural oxidation. When homogentisic acid polymers are deposited black in collagen fibers, which are a component of articular cartilage, the cartilage loses its normal elasticity and becomes brittle and fragmented, and degeneration of the joint progresses. This condition is called alkaptonuric arthropathy. Cartilage fragments containing this pigment may deposit in the synovial membrane of joints, causing a tumor. Since 1859, several hundred cases have been reported worldwide, but in Japan, it is extremely rare, with only a few cases having been reported.

In the 30s, limited movement of the spinal joints, and sometimes pain, appears. The knees, shoulders, and hips are then affected. In severe and long-lasting cases, the spine becomes stiff and resembles ankylosing spondylitis. X-rays show calcification of the intervertebral discs between the vertebrae. There is no effective treatment for the underlying metabolic disorder, and symptomatic treatment, such as surgical removal, is used to address the limited movement.

[Ieyoshi Akaoka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

尿中にアルカプトン(ホモゲンチジン酸)を排泄(はいせつ)し、放置すると黒変する先天性代謝異常で、結合組織に沈着した場合は組織黒変症(オクロノーシスochronosis)とよぶ。ホモゲンチジン酸オキシダーゼの欠損によるまれな疾患で、常染色体性劣性遺伝の形をとる。この酵素はフェニルアラニンやチロシンといったアミノ酸の中間代謝物であるホモゲンチジン酸を分解してアセト酢酸やフマル酸を生ずるが、これが欠損すると、ホモゲンチジン酸の重合体がそのまま尿中に排泄される。放置するとアルカリや自然酸化によって尿が黒色を呈するのが特徴である。また、関節軟骨の構成成分である膠原(こうげん)線維にホモゲンチジン酸の重合体が黒く沈着すると、軟骨は正常の弾力を失い、もろく細片となって、関節の退行変性が進行する。これをアルカプトン尿性関節症という。関節の滑膜にこの色素を含む軟骨片が沈着して腫瘤(しゅりゅう)をつくることがある。1859年以来、世界で数百例の報告があるが、日本ではきわめてまれで、わずかに数例の報告がみられるのみである。

 30歳代に脊椎(せきつい)関節の運動制限、ときに痛みが現れる。ついで膝(ひざ)、肩、股関節(こかんせつ)などが冒される。重篤で病期が長い場合には、脊椎が強直化して強直性脊椎炎に似てくる。X線像では、脊椎の間にある椎間板の石灰化がみられる。根底にある代謝障害に有効な治療法はなく、運動制限に対しては外科的に切除するなど、対症療法が行われる。

[赤岡家雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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