The prevention of the realization of a claim by an illegal act. In a broad sense, this includes default on a debt, but it usually refers to the harm to the creditor's rights by a third party other than the debtor infringing on the subject matter of the claim or obstructing the debtor's performance of the debt. In the past, there was a time when no relief was allowed for the infringement of a claim by a third party, because the claim was only a right (relative right) that existed directly in relation to the debtor. However, since claims are also rights, they should be protected from unlawful infringement, and infringement of a claim is considered to constitute a tort. However, infringement of a claim, such as in the case of a double contract, is considered to be a tort unless the infringer's act is evaluated as exceeding the scope of free competition. Opinions are divided on whether an injunction can be sought against an infringer of a claim, but the general view is that in the case of a creditor in possession or with a countervailing power (real estate), the creditor has the right to seek an injunction. However, there is also a view that in cases where an injunction is necessary, such as when an illegal infringement of a claim continues, injunctions should be broadly granted. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
違法な行為によって債権の実現が妨げられること。広義では債務不履行も含まれるが,通常は債務者以外の第三者が債権の目的物を侵害したり,債務者の債務履行を妨害したりして債権者の権利を害することをさす。かつては,債権は直接には債務者との関係でのみ成立する権利 (相対権) にすぎないという理由で,第三者による債権侵害に対して,なんらの救済も認めえないとされた時期があった。しかし現在では債権も権利である以上,不法な侵害からは保護されるべきであり,債権侵害は不法行為を構成するものと解されている。ただし,二重契約の例のような債権侵害が不法行為となるのは,侵害者の行為が自由競争の範囲を逸脱したものと評価されなくては違法性が生じない。なお,債権侵害者に対して侵害の差止めを請求できるかどうかについては見解が分れるが,通説は占有あるいは対抗力のある (不動産) 債権者については,債権者に差止め請求権を肯定する。しかし,違法性のある債権侵害が継続するなど,差止めの必要がある場合には,広く差止め請求を肯定しようという見解もみられる。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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