Bernard, Claude
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Born: July 12, 1813, Saint-Julien Died: February 10, 1878. A French physiologist in Paris. He is known for his many achievements in the fields of metabolic physiology and neurophysiology, as well as for formulating the basic theory of experimental biology. His father was a wine grower, but the business failed, and Bernard grew up in poverty. After graduating from secondary school, he became a playwright and wrote scripts, but following the advice of drama critic SM Girardin, he entered the medical school in Paris (1834). He later became an assistant to F. Magendie, a professor at the Collège de France, and from around 1846, he achieved a series of important research achievements. He discovered that the pancreas breaks down fats, and clarified the role of the pancreas in digestion. His discovery of glycogen synthesis by the liver became his doctoral thesis. He also conducted research on the plant poison curare, finding that it paralyzed only the motor nerves and had no effect on the sensory nerves, demonstrating that it could be used as a tool for neurological research. In recognition of these achievements, in 1854, the post of professor of general physiology was created for him at the University of Paris, and he was also elected a member of the Academie des Sciences. He succeeded Magendie as professor at the Collège de France (55). Around 1960, due to illness, he temporarily retired from experiments and devoted himself to constructing methodologies in medicine and biology. While the need to formulate hypotheses before conducting experiments had not been recognized in the past, Bernard believed that experiments were nothing other than the verification of hypotheses, and emphasized the importance of hypotheses. In his Introduction to Experimental Medicine (Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale) published in 1965, he argued that physiology should be based on physics and chemistry, that the concept of vital force was invalid, that vivisection was essential to physiological research, and that biology follows scientific determinism, providing a methodological foundation for the subsequent development of biology. Another of Bernard's achievements is the creation of the concept of the internal environment, which laid the theoretical groundwork for the establishment of endocrinology. Bernard |
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[生]1813.7.12. サンジュリアン [没]1878.2.10. パリ フランスの生理学者。代謝生理や神経生理に関して数多くの業績を上げたほか，実験生物学の基礎理論を立てたことでも有名。父はブドウ栽培家であったが事業に失敗し，ベルナールは貧苦のなかで育つ。中等学校修了後，劇作家となり，脚本を書いたが，劇評家 S.M.ジラルダンの忠告に従ってパリの医学校に入学 (1834) 。のち，コレージュ・ド・フランス教授 F.マジャンディの助手となり，1846年頃から次々に重要な研究業績を上げる。膵臓が脂肪を分解することを発見し，消化における膵臓の役割を明らかにした。肝臓によるグリコーゲン合成の発見は彼の博士論文となった。植物毒のクラーレに関する研究も行い，これが運動神経のみに麻痺を生じ，知覚神経に影響がないことを見つけ，神経研究の手段として利用可能であることを示した。これらの業績が認められ，54年，彼のためにパリ大学に一般生理学教授のポストが新設され，また科学アカデミー会員に選ばれた。マジャンディの跡を継いでコレージュ・ド・フランスの教授 (55) 。 60年頃より病気のため一時実験から退いて，医学，生物学の方法論を構築することに専念。従来は実験を行う前にあらかじめ仮説を立てることの必要性が意識されていなかったのに対し，ベルナールは仮説の正否を検証するのが実験にほかならないと考え，仮説の重要性を強調した。 65年に著わした『実験医学序説』 Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentaleで，生理学は物理学・化学に立脚すべきこと，生命力の概念は無効であること，生体解剖は生理学研究に不可欠なこと，生物学は科学的決定論に従うものであることなどを論じ，その後の生物学の発達にとって方法論上の基礎を与えた。内部環境の概念をつくりだしたこともベルナールの功績の一つとされており，それは内分泌学成立にとって理論面での準備となった。 ベルナール
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