Movable bridge - movable bridge

Japanese: 可動橋 - かどうきょう(英語表記)movable bridge
Movable bridge - movable bridge

Bridges are generally fixed in place so that they cannot move significantly, but there are some special bridges whose main girders are movable in order to make space for ships to pass through. These are called movable bridges. In contrast, most bridges are fixed bridges. Bridges that can be moved are called portable bridges.

There are various types of movable bridges, including a swing bridge, in which the bridge girder rotates horizontally around a fulcrum on the pier, a bascule bridge, in which the bridge girder springs up in a vertical plane around a fulcrum on the pier, and a lift bridge, in which the entire bridge girder rises like an elevator. In addition, movable piers for boarding ships and ships/vehicles, which are installed from a quay to a ferry, are also a type of movable bridge.

A swing bridge has a cantilever structure when it swings, so the piers and axis of rotation must be large to maintain balance. Examples include the El Ferdane Road and Railway Bridge on the Suez Canal (span of 158.4 meters, which swings equally) and the Koten Bridge at Amanohashidate (bridge length 36.6 meters). Lift bridges require towers on both sides, which has the advantage that the height to which the bridge is raised can be adjusted according to the height of the ship's mast, but they also require tower columns and counterweights. Examples include the Carrande Road and Railway Bridge in the Netherlands (span of 67.8 meters) and the Chikugo River Bridge (bridge length 118.4 meters). Bascule bridges are the most common type, with a simple structure and high operating speed. Examples include Tower Bridge in London (span 61 meters) and Kachidoki Bridge over the Sumida River in Tokyo (span 44 meters). Recently, bridges have become longer and generally have a higher clearance, and with a movable bridge, traffic on the bridge is suspended while the bridge is open, and maintenance costs are high, so movable bridges are rarely built except in unavoidable cases such as piers.

[Shoichi Kobayashi]

[Reference] | Kachidoki Bridge
Kachidoki Bridge
This bridge is built at the lowest point of the Sumida River. It is a movable bridge with a drawbridge structure, but is not currently opened or closed. It was completed in 1940 (Showa 15). Total length is 246.0m. Chuo Ward, Tokyo ©Yutaka Sakano ">

Kachidoki Bridge

Tower Bridge
A movable bridge over the River Thames. Completed in 1894. The 1,000-ton movable bridge girder is fully opened in about 90 seconds by hydraulic power. Inside the tower, there is an exhibition hall that shows the mechanism of opening and closing the bridge girder. London, England ©NetAdvance ">

Tower Bridge


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

橋は一般には位置が大きく動かないように固定されているが、特殊な橋として、船舶航行のための空間をとるなどのために主桁(しゅげた)を可動構造としたものもある。これを可動橋という。これに対して一般の橋は固定橋である。なお、持ち運びのできる橋を可搬橋という。

 可動橋には、橋桁が橋脚上の支点を中心に水平に旋回する旋回橋、橋脚上の支点を中心として鉛直面内に跳ね上がる跳開橋、橋桁全体がエレベーター式に上昇する昇開橋などがある。なお、連絡船などに岸壁から架け渡す乗船用や船車連絡用の可動桟橋も可動橋の一種である。

 旋回橋は旋回時には片持(かたもち)構造となるので、橋脚や回転軸を大きくし、均衡を保つ必要がある。スエズ運河のエル・フェルダン道路鉄道併用橋(支間158.4メートルが等分に旋回する)や天橋立(あまのはしだて)の小天(こてん)橋(橋長36.6メートル)などがある。昇開橋は両側に塔を必要とするが、橋を上げる高さを船舶のマストの高さに応じて加減できる利点がある反面、塔柱、平衡錐(すい)を要する。オランダのカランド道路鉄道併用橋(支間67.8メートル)、筑後川(ちくごがわ)橋梁(きょうりょう)(橋長118.4メートル)などがある。跳開橋は構造が簡単で運転速度も大きく、もっとも普通の形式である。ロンドンのタワー・ブリッジ(支間61メートル)、東京・隅田(すみだ)川の勝鬨橋(かちどきばし)(支間44メートル)などがある。最近では橋が長大化して一般に高い桁下(けたした)空間が確保できるようになったことと、可動橋では橋が開いている間、橋上の交通が中断されるうえ、維持管理に経費がかさむので、桟橋などやむをえない場合を除いて可動橋はほとんど建設されていない。

[小林昭一]

[参照項目] | 勝鬨橋
勝鬨橋
隅田川の最下流に架けられている橋。跳ね橋の構造をもつ可動橋だが、現在は開閉されていない。1940年(昭和15)完成。全長246.0m。東京都中央区©Yutaka Sakano">

勝鬨橋

タワー・ブリッジ
テムズ川に架けられた可動橋。1894年完成。重量1000tの可動部分の橋桁は水力によって約90秒で全開する。塔内には、橋桁開閉のメカニズムを示す展示館もある。イギリス ロンドン©NetAdvance">

タワー・ブリッジ


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