Assignment of claims - Saikenjoto

Japanese: 債権譲渡 - さいけんじょうと
Assignment of claims - Saikenjoto

A contract that transfers a claim without changing its identity. It treats a claim as an asset and is the object of the transaction (claims are, in principle, transferable; Civil Code Article 466, Paragraph 1, Main Text), and plays an extremely important role in the current trading world. The assignment of a claim is established by a contract between the creditor (assignor) and the assignee, and does not require the will of the debtor. However, in order to assert the assignment against the debtor or other third parties, in the case of a named claim, notice to the debtor or the consent of that person (Civil Code Article 467, Paragraph 1) (in the case of a claim to order, an endorsement of the security (Civil Code Article 469), and in the case of a bearer claim, delivery (Civil Code Articles 86, Paragraph 3 and 178)) is required. In this case, if the assignor merely gives notice, the debtor can assert against the assignee any event that occurred before the debtor received the notice (for example, the debtor made payment to the assignor before receiving the notice) (Article 468, Paragraph 2 of the same law), but if the debtor gives unobjectionable consent, the debtor cannot assert against the assignee any event that could have been asserted against the assignor (Article 468, Paragraph 1 of the same law). Next, in order to assert the assignment of claim against a third party other than the debtor, it is necessary to give notice and consent by means of a document with a fixed date (for example, a registered mail or a notarized document). Therefore, for example, in the case of a double assignment of claim, the one with a document with a fixed date wins, and if both are made by documents with fixed dates, the one with the earlier date wins.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Assignment of claims under private international law

Japan's private international law code, the Act on General Rules for Application of Laws (Act No. 78 of 2006), stipulates only that the effect of an assignment of claims on the debtor and third parties shall be governed by the governing law of the claim related to the assignment (the claim subject to assignment) (Article 23 of the same Act).

Issues other than the effect of the assignment of claims on the debtor and third parties are not expressly stipulated and are left to interpretation, and generally, the transferability of claims and the effect of special clauses prohibiting assignment are determined by the governing law of the claims to be assigned, while the establishment and effect of the assignment contract itself between the assignor and the assignee are determined by the governing law of the assignment contract itself. In addition, the effect of a pledge of claims, which is similar to an assignment of claims, on the debtor and third parties is also determined by the governing law of the claim that is the subject of the pledge.

[Masato Michigauchi May 19, 2016]

[References] | Endorsement | Date of Confirmation | International Private Law | General Rules for Application of Laws

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

債権をその同一性を変えずに移転する契約。債権を一個の財産として取引の客体とするものであり(債権は原則として譲渡性を有する。民法466条1項本文)、現在の取引界においてきわめて重要な機能を営んでいる。債権譲渡は、債権者(譲渡人)と譲受人との間の契約によって成立し、債務者の意思関与を必要としない。しかし、譲渡を債務者その他の第三者に対抗するためには、指名債権の場合には、債務者に対する通知またはその者の承諾(同法467条1項)(指図債権の場合には、証券の裏書交付〈同法469条〉、無記名債権の場合には交付〈同法86条3項・178条〉)が必要である。この際、譲渡人が通知をしたにとどまるときは、債務者は通知を受けるまでに譲渡人に対して生じた事由(たとえば、通知を受けるまでに譲渡人に弁済したなど)を譲受人に対抗できる(同法468条2項)が、債務者が異議をとどめない承諾をしたときには、債務者は譲渡人に対抗することができた事由があっても、これを譲受人に対抗できない(同法468条1項)。次に債権譲渡を債務者以外の第三者に対抗するためには、確定日付のある証書(たとえば、内容証明郵便とか公正証書)で通知・承諾をすることが必要である。だから、たとえば債権の二重譲渡の場合には、確定日付のある証書でしたほうが勝ち、両方確定日付のある証書でなされた場合には、日付の早いほうが勝つ。

[淡路剛久]

国際私法上の債権譲渡

日本の国際私法典である「法の適用に関する通則法」(平成18年法律第78号)には、債権譲渡の債務者および第三者に対する効力は、譲渡に係る債権(譲渡対象債権)の準拠法によるという定めだけが置かれている(同法23条)。

 債権譲渡の債務者および第三者に対する効力以外の問題については明文の規定はなく、解釈に委ねられており、一般に、債権の譲渡性、譲渡禁止特約の効力などは譲渡対象債権の準拠法により、他方、譲渡人と譲受人との間の譲渡契約そのものの成立・効力はその譲渡契約自体の準拠法によるとされている。なお、債権譲渡に類似している債権質の債務者および第三者に対する効力についても、質権の対象となっている債権の準拠法によるとされている。

[道垣内正人 2016年5月19日]

[参照項目] | 裏書 | 確定日付 | 国際私法 | 法の適用に関する通則法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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