Al-Birūnī, Abū al-Rayhān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad

Japanese: ビールーニー(英語表記)al-Bīrūnī, Abū al-Rayhān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad
Al-Birūnī, Abū al-Rayhān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad
[Born] 973. Khorezm
Died c. 1050. Ghazni One of the greatest scholars in the medieval Islamic world. He excelled not only in natural sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, but also in geography, history, and linguistics, and wrote over 180 books and treatises. Educated in his hometown, he went to Jurjan around 998 and served Qabus of the Ziyarid dynasty, to whom he dedicated his excellent book on the ancient calendar, al-Āthār al-Bāqiya `an al-Qurūn al-Khāliya (c. 1000). He returned to Khwarezm around 1008, but was taken prisoner to Ghazni in 1017 when Mahmud of the Ghazni dynasty conquered Khwarezm. He served Mahmud as an astrologer, participated in Mahmud's expedition to India, and wrote Ta'rīkh al-Hind (30). He also wrote a book on astronomy, al-Qānūn al-Mas`ūdī fī al-Hay'a wa al-Nujūm (30), dedicated to Sultan Mas`ūd. He proposed the theory of the rotation of the Earth and established a method for measuring the circumference of the Earth. The measurements he calculated for the circumference of the Earth are almost the same as those used today in astronomy. He also wrote books on mineralogy, medicine, and mathematics.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]973. ホラズム
[没]1050頃.ガズニー
中世イスラム世界の最大の学者の一人。数学,天文学,医学などの自然科学だけではなく,地理学,歴史学,言語学などにも秀で,著書,論文の数は百八十余に達した。故郷で教育を受け,998年頃ジュルジャーンにおもむき,ジヤール朝のカーブースに仕え,古来の暦法に関するすぐれた著書『いにしえより残りしもののあと』 al-Āthār al-Bāqiya `an al-Qurūn al-Khāliya (1000頃) を献呈した。 1008年頃ホラズムに戻ったが,17年ガズニー朝のマフムードによるホラズム征服の際,捕虜としてガズニーに連行された。以後占星家としてマフムードに仕え,彼のインド遠征にも加わって,『インド誌』 Ta'rīkh al-Hind (30) を著わした。また天文学に関する『天体,天文についてのマスウードの法典』 al-Qānūn al-Mas`ūdī fī al-Hay'a wa al-Nujūm (30) を著わし,スルタン・マスウードに献呈している。彼は地球の自転説を唱え,地球の周囲の計測法を確立した。地球の周囲の長さについて彼が算出した測定値は,現在の天文学の測定値とほぼ一致している。ほかに鉱物学や薬学,数学に関する著書が知られている。

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