Solid solution

Japanese: 固溶体 - こようたい(英語表記)solid solution
Solid solution

A solid solution in which two or more substances are mixed together to form a completely uniform solid phase. There are two types: one in which the atoms at the lattice points of a certain crystal phase are replaced by other atoms in a completely random manner, and one in which another atom invades the gaps in the lattice. The former is called a substitutional type solid solution, and the latter an interstitial type solid solution. When a binary or ternary metal regularly replaces another component at a specific position in the crystal lattice, it is not called a solid solution, but is called an intermetallic compound.

Substitutional solid solutions are found in many alloys and in mixtures of potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium bromide (KBr). Considering a sodium chloride crystal lattice, K is present at the lattice sites of the cations, and Cl and Br are irregularly located at the lattice sites of the anions. KCl and KBr have the same crystal lattice and are almost equal in size, so they easily form solid solutions. In other words, the sizes of the atoms that substitute for each other must not differ too much. On the other hand, interstitial solid solutions are found in solutes such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are not crystalline at room temperature. This means that the atoms of the interstitial components are much smaller than the atoms at the lattice sites. Carbon in iron also belongs to this category.

The conditions for an atom of one element to dissolve in a crystal of another solid depend on the size of the atoms involved, the number of valence electrons, the crystal shape, etc. In this way, it is clear that there is a natural limit to solid solubility.

[Toshihisa Yoshida]

[Reference item] | Intermetallic compounds
Crystal structure of substitutional solid solutions
©Shogakukan ">

Crystal structure of substitutional solid solutions


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2種以上の物質が混合して完全に均一な固相となる固体をいう。ある結晶相の格子点にある原子がまったく不規則に別の原子と置換するか、あるいは格子の間隙(かんげき)に別の原子が侵入したものの2種がある。前者を置換型、後者を侵入型の固溶体とよぶ。二成分あるいは三成分型の金属で結晶格子の特定の位置に規則的に別の成分が置換しているときは固溶体とはいわず、金属間化合物という。

 置換型の固溶体は多くの合金や塩化カリウムKClと臭化カリウムKBrの混合物にみられる。塩化ナトリウム型の結晶格子について考えてみると、陽イオンの格子点にはKがあり、陰イオンの格子点にはClとBrが不規則にある。KClとKBrは同一の結晶格子をもち、その大きさがほぼ等しいため、容易に固溶体をつくる。すなわち、互いに置換する原子の大きさがあまり異ならないことが必要である。一方、侵入型の固溶体は、溶質としての成分が室温において結晶でない水素、酸素、窒素などにみられる。このことは、侵入成分の原子が格子点にある原子に比べてかなり小さいことを意味している。鉄に入っている炭素の場合もこれに属する。

 ある固体の結晶に別の元素の原子が溶ける条件は、関係する原子の大きさ、価電子の数、結晶形などである。このように固溶にもおのずから限界があることがわかる。

[吉田俊久]

[参照項目] | 金属間化合物
置換型固溶体の結晶構造
©Shogakukan">

置換型固溶体の結晶構造


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