East Pacific Rise - East Pacific Rise

Japanese: 東太平洋海膨 - ひがしたいへいようかいぼう(英語表記)East Pacific Rise
East Pacific Rise - East Pacific Rise
A long chain of underwater volcanoes in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, this rise runs almost parallel to the west coast of South America. It is part of the mid-ocean ridge that continuously encircles the ocean floor of the Earth and produces new ocean floor, i.e. oceanic plates. It is also called the East Pacific Ridge. The main part of the rise runs about 3,200 km from the coast of the continent and extends north to the mouth of the Gulf of California, where it meets a transform fault where the Pacific plate and the North American plate pass each other. The southern end is at about 55°S and 130°W, and connects with the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, which runs west-southwest toward Antarctica south of New Zealand. The rise appears gentle and flat, but its rim is steeply sloping. It is mainly composed of igneous crust, and sediments cover or are adjacent to the surface. The elevation difference between the ocean floor and the surrounding area is 1,800 to 2,700 m, and it is largely fractured by fracture zones, including transform faults, approximately every 320 km. At the East Pacific Rise, located between the eastern and southern Pacific Plate and the North American, Cocos, Nazca, and Antarctic Plates, basaltic magma rising from the mantle cools, and the newly formed oceanic plates spread to the left and right along the cracks in the rise. The rate of this is high, about 16 cm per year off the coast of Peru and Chile, and about 6 cm per year at the mouth of the Gulf of California. There are many hydrothermal vents where hot seawater containing various sulfide minerals rises, and there are also biological communities that maintain life through decomposition by sulfate-reducing bacteria. (→ Plate Tectonics)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
太平洋南東部にある長大な海底火山の連なりで,南アメリカ大陸西岸とほぼ並行して走る海膨。地球上の大洋底を連続的に取り巻き,新しい海底,すなわち海洋プレートを生み出す中央海嶺の一部を構成し,東太平洋海嶺 East Pacific Ridgeとも呼ばれる。海膨の主要部分は大陸沿岸から約 3200km付近を走り,北はカリフォルニア湾の湾口付近まで延びて,そこで太平洋プレートと北アメリカプレートがすれ違うトランスフォーム断層につきあたる。南端は南緯 55°,西経 130°付近にあり,ニュージーランドの南方の南極大陸に向かって西南西に延びる太平洋‐南極海嶺とつながっている。海膨は見かけゆるやかで平坦であるが,へり部分は急斜面をなす。おもに火成地殻からなり,堆積物が表面を覆っているか,隣接しているかしている。周囲の海洋底との比高は 1800~2700mで,およそ 320kmごとにトランスフォーム断層を含む断裂帯によって大きく破砕されている。太平洋プレートの東側・南側と,北アメリカプレート,ココスプレート,ナスカプレート,南極プレートとの間に位置する東太平洋海膨では,マントルから上昇してきた玄武岩質のマグマが冷やされ,新たにできた海洋プレートが海膨の割れ目を境に左右へ拡散していく。その速度はペルー,チリの沖合いで年間約 16cmと速く,カリフォルニア湾湾口では年間約 6cmとなる。さまざまな硫化鉱物を含んだ熱い海水が湧昇する熱水噴出孔が数多くあり,そこでは硫酸還元菌による分解を通じて生命を維持する生物群集もみられる。(→プレートテクトニクス)

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