Metamorphic deposit

Japanese: 変成鉱床 - へんせいこうしょう(英語表記)metamorphic deposit
Metamorphic deposit

This refers to deposits formed by the concentration of certain elements or minerals through metamorphism, or existing deposits that have been altered by metamorphism. In English, the former is called metamorphic and the latter is called metamorphosed. Along with igneous deposits and sedimentary deposits, it is one of the three major categories of deposits based on their origin. Metamorphic deposits are divided into two types based on the nature of the metamorphism: contact metamorphic deposits and regional metamorphic deposits (dynamic metamorphic deposits). Contact metamorphic deposits are formed by contact metamorphism caused by the heat of intruding igneous rocks. Deposits that are supplied with materials from igneous rocks and formed by metasomatism are treated separately as contact metamorphic deposits (skarn deposits). Examples of contact metamorphic deposits include silica deposits formed from chert and graphite deposits formed from coal seams. These deposits were formed when impurities were removed during the recrystallization process due to metamorphism, or when the crystal structure changed. Examples of regional metamorphic deposits include scaly graphite deposits found in crystalline schist or gneiss, lapis lazuli, andalusite, and sillimanite deposits, and talc deposits formed from serpentine and dolomite. In addition, there are also known cases where sedimentary iron deposits, manganese deposits, and massive sulfide deposits have been subjected to regional metamorphism and recrystallized, changing into different mineral compositions or being severely deformed.

Meso-hydrothermal vein-type gold deposits (under medium temperature and pressure conditions) are widely distributed around the world and are important as gold resources, but one of the controversies in mineral deposit science is whether the origin of the hot water that generated them is magmatic water released from magma, or metamorphic water associated with the formation of metamorphic rocks. According to research results since the late 1980s, the prevailing theory is that the hot water is derived from dehydration of the oceanic crust, which is made up of water-containing volcanic and sedimentary rocks, as it sinks deep into a subduction zone (the boundary where plates converge).

[Taichi Mariko]

[References] | Massive sulfide deposits | Igneous rocks | Gold deposits | Ore deposits | Metasomatism | Minerals | Skarn deposits | Iron deposits | Hydrothermal deposits | Hydrothermal action | Metamorphism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

変成作用によって特定の元素または鉱物が濃集して生成した鉱床、あるいは既存の鉱床が変成作用を受けてその性質を変えたものをいう。英語では前者をmetamorphic、後者をmetamorphosedとして区別している。火成鉱床、堆積鉱床(たいせきこうしょう)とともに、鉱床を成因により三大別したうちの一つ。変成鉱床は変成作用の性質によって、接触変成鉱床と広域変成鉱床(動力変成鉱床)の二つに分けられる。接触変成鉱床は貫入した火成岩の熱による接触変成作用で形成されたものをいう。火成岩から物質を供給され交代作用によって生成された鉱床は、接触交代鉱床(スカルン型鉱床)として別に扱われる。接触変成鉱床の例としては、チャートから形成された珪石(けいせき)鉱床、石炭層から形成された黒鉛鉱床などがある。これらの鉱床は変成作用による再結晶の過程で不純物が除かれるか、結晶構造の変化によって鉱床となったものである。広域変成鉱床としては、結晶片岩または片麻(へんま)岩中に産する鱗(りん)状黒鉛鉱床、藍(らん)晶石・紅柱石・珪線石鉱床、蛇紋石およびドロマイトなどから形成された滑石鉱床などのほか、堆積(たいせき)成の鉄鉱床、マンガン鉱床、塊状硫化物鉱床が広域変成作用を受けて再結晶し、異なった鉱物組成に変化したり激しく変形した例が知られている。

 中熱水性鉱脈型(中温・中圧の条件下)の金鉱床は世界的に広く分布し、金の資源として重要であるが、これを生成した熱水の起源がマグマから放出されたマグマ水であるか、変成岩生成に伴う変成水であるかは鉱床学論争の一つである。1980年代後半以降の研究結果によると、水を含んだ火山岩と堆積岩からなる海洋地殻が、沈み込み帯(プレートが収斂(しゅうれん)する境界)で深く沈み込むことによって温度が上昇し、脱水形成された熱水が起源であるという一種の変成水説が有力になっている。

[鞠子 正]

[参照項目] | 塊状硫化物鉱床 | 火成岩 | 金鉱床 | 鉱床 | 交代作用 | 鉱物 | スカルン型鉱床 | 鉄鉱床 | 熱水鉱床 | 熱水作用 | 変成作用

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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