The main judicial organ of the United Nations after the Second World War, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice from the League of Nations era. It is abbreviated as ICJ. It is located in The Hague, Netherlands. In today's international community, it is the only permanent court in the world that can be used to authoritatively determine international law, both in contentious cases and advisory cases, to resolve disputes between nations. The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected by the UN Security Council and the General Assembly. Five judges are elected every three years, for a term of nine years. The criteria for election are, above all, that the judges possess high personal qualifications in terms of virtue and professional ability. Judges are not essentially representative of nations, but due to growing criticism of the Court's bias towards Western Europe rather than globality, it is now more or less balanced (5 from Western Europe and other countries, 2 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 2 from Eastern Europe, 3 from Asia, and 3 from Africa). The following Japanese judges have been appointed to the Court: Tanaka Kotaro (1890-1974, in office from 1961 to 1970), Oda Shigeru (1924- , in office from 1976 to 2003, Deputy Director from 1991 to 1994), Owada Hisashi (1932- , in office from 2003 to 2018, Director from 2009 to 2012), and Iwasawa Yuji (1954- , in office from 2018 onwards). The Court's jurisdiction may, with the consent of the parties, be established not only over specific disputes that have already arisen, but also over an unlimited number of disputes that may arise in the future. In addition to deciding disputes submitted to it by States, the Court may give advisory opinions on legal questions at the request of an international organization. The first characteristic of the International Court of Justice since the Cold War is that it has been continuously referred to cases and issues that concern the interests of the entire international community, such as genocide, the right of peoples to self-determination, terrorism, and the use of nuclear weapons.Secondly, the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, which had previously been indifferent to the International Court of Justice, have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court by declaring their acceptance of the optional clause (Estonia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Georgia, Poland), and the parties to a dispute have agreed to submit the dispute to the Court for a ruling (such as the dispute over the construction of a dam between Hungary and Slovakia in 1997). [Kou Minagawa and Kyoji Kawasaki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
第二次世界大戦後、国際連盟時代の常設国際司法裁判所Permanent Court of International Justiceを継承した国際連合の主要な司法機関。略称ICJ。所在地はオランダのハーグ。今日の国際社会において国家間の紛争を解決するため、係争事件でも勧告事件でも、国際法の権威的認定のために利用されうる唯一の世界的な常設裁判所である。 国際司法裁判所は、国連の安全保障理事会と総会で選出される15人の裁判官で構成される。3年ごとに5名を改選。任期は9年。選出の規準は、なによりも徳望、専門能力において高度の個人的資格を具備することである。裁判官は本来国家代表の性格をもつものではないが、その構成において世界性よりも偏った西欧色に批判が強まり、現在ではだいたい均衡のとれたものになった(西欧およびその他の国5、ラテンアメリカおよびカリブ海諸国2、東欧2、アジア3、アフリカ3)。なお日本からは、田中耕太郎(1890―1974。在任期間1961~1970)、小田滋(しげる)(1924― 。同1976~2003。1991~1994同副所長)、小和田恆(ひさし)(1932― 。同2003~2018。2009~2012同所長)、岩沢雄司(1954― 。同2018~ )が裁判官に任じられている。 裁判所の管轄権は、当事国の同意に基づき、すでに発生した具体的紛争についてだけでなく、将来発生しうべき不定数の紛争についても設定することができる。裁判所は、国によって付託される紛争の裁判をするほか、国際機関の要請があったときには、法律問題について勧告的意見を与えることができる。 国際司法裁判所の冷戦後の特徴としては、第一に、ジェノサイド(集団殺害)、人民自決権、テロリズム、核兵器の使用といった国際社会全体の利益にかかわるような事件や問題が相次いで付託されてきたことがあげられる。第二に、従来国際司法裁判所には無関心であった旧ソ連・東欧の国々が、選択条項の受諾の宣言をすることによって裁判所の管轄権を受け入れたり(エストニア、ブルガリア、ハンガリー、ジョージア(グルジア)、ポーランド)、また紛争当事国が合意して紛争を付託して裁判所の判決を得たり(1997年のハンガリーとスロバキア間に起こったダム建設に関する係争)していることなどがあげられる。 [皆川 洸・川﨑恭治] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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