This refers to the movement of capital associated with the international buying and selling of securities, the lending and borrowing of capital, and other capital transactions related to credit and debt. Capital that moves internationally can be divided into long-term capital and short-term capital. Generally speaking, from the perspective of capital suppliers, short-term capital is capital that can be withdrawn within a short period of time without loss, while long-term capital is capital that cannot be withdrawn at any time without loss. From the perspective of capital demanders, short-term capital is limited to financial circulation, while long-term capital can be used for industrial circulation. [Hikari Aihara] Forms of capital movementSpecific forms of international capital movements include the following: Short-term capital movements include investments in foreign short-term securities, purchases of bank acceptances in foreign financial markets, call loans, purchases of foreign exchange bills, extension of short-term credit to foreign importers, deposits in foreign banks, and hoarding of foreign currency. Long-term capital flows include direct investment, where an investor directly conducts business overseas, and securities investment (also known as indirect investment), which involves buying and selling stocks and public bonds of foreign companies. The essential difference between direct investment and indirect investment is, first, that direct investment involves control over management, while indirect investment does not. Control has two meanings: the legal meaning of owning shares, and the meaning of the investor having decision-making power over management, such as top personnel, research and development, new product launches, and dividends, in relation to overseas management. Secondly, unlike indirect investment, direct investment always involves the international transfer of management resources such as the investment company's production and sales technologies, and the use of these to carry out business activities. The above are the forms of private international capital movement, but a notable phenomenon in international capital movement after World War II is the increase in public capital movement (government investment). This is because public capital movement is required for purposes that are difficult to meet with private capital, such as rescuing countries with balance of payments difficulties, providing credit for deferred payments on items that require huge payments such as trade in plants and ships, and development assistance for developing countries. Public capital movement can be bilateral official aid traded directly between governments, or it can be carried out through international organizations such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the International Development Association (World Bank II), or regional development organizations such as the African Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. [Hikari Aihara] Incentives for capital flowsThe following are the incentives for private capital movements. In the case of short-term capital, there are movements in response to international imbalances in exchange rates and interest rates, or the prospect of fluctuations, and capital flight to ensure the safety of capital value and avoid risk. Both of these are called spontaneous capital movements because investors move capital on their own initiative. In contrast, short-term capital movements that occur along with other items in the balance of payments, such as long-term capital movements and trade, are called induced capital movements. In the case of long-term capital, capital moves from low-profit and low-interest countries to high-profit and high-interest countries due to differences in profit and interest rates between countries. In the case of direct investment, capital also moves to countries where it is easier to secure resources, labor, or markets, and where management resources can generate higher profits. Since management resources differ even between the same industrialized countries, international capital movements between industrialized countries can also occur. In the case of official capital flows, there are those aimed at promoting international cooperation centered on international organizations, those based on diplomatic or political factors, and those as part of economic policies such as promoting exports and securing raw materials. [Hikari Aihara] Macroeconomics and International Capital MovementsThe current account balance, which is the balance between international imports and exports of goods and services, is equal to the difference between savings and investment, assuming that the government's fiscal balance is in equilibrium and there is no increase or decrease in foreign exchange reserves. In other words, current account balance = savings - investment. If the current account is in surplus, savings exceed investment, and the difference is invested overseas. Conversely, if the current account is in deficit, there is a savings shortage within the country, which is made up for by an inflow of investment from abroad. In this way, even if the flow of individual international investments by private capital in Japan is a mix of investments in foreign countries and the acceptance of investments from abroad, from a macro perspective, international capital movements function to make up for the imbalance between savings and investment through the transfer of goods and services between one country and another. [Hikari Aihara] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国際間での有価証券の売買、資本の貸借、そのほか債権・債務に関係のある資本取引に伴う資本の移動をいう。国際間で移動する資本は長期資本と短期資本とに分けられる。一般的にいってこの区別は、資本供給者側からみれば、短時間内に損失なしに引き揚げうる資本が短期資本であり、損失なしに随時に引き揚げることのできない資本が長期資本である。資本の需要者からみれば、短期資本は金融的流通だけにとどまるものであり、長期資本は産業的流通に用いうるものである。 [相原 光] 資本移動の形態国際資本移動の具体的形態としては、次のようなものがあげられる。 短期資本移動としては、外国短期証券への投資、外国金融市場における銀行引受手形の買入れ、コールローン、外国為替(かわせ)手形の買入れ、外国輸入商への短期信用の供与、外国銀行への預金、外国貨幣の保蔵などがある。 長期資本移動としては、投資者が直接外国で営業を行う場合の直接投資と、外国会社の株式・公社債の売買という証券投資(これを間接投資ともいう)とがある。 直接投資と間接投資が本質的に異なる点は、まず第一に、直接投資は経営の支配を伴うのに対して、間接投資は支配を伴わないことである。支配というのは、株式を所有するという法律的意味と、経営上の意思決定――すなわち、投資家が海外経営に関し最高人事、研究開発、新製品の発売、配当などに関する決定権――を握るという二つの意味をもつ。第二は、直接投資は間接投資と異なって、投資企業の生産技術、販売技術などの経営資源を国際的に移動させ、これを利用して企業活動を行うことをかならず伴っていることである。 以上は民間の国際資本移動の形態であるが、第二次世界大戦後の国際資本移動の顕著な現象として公的資本移動(政府投資)の増大があげられる。それは、国際収支が困難に陥っている国の救済、プラント・船舶類の貿易のように巨額な支払いを要するものの延払いのための信用供与、発展途上国のための開発援助のような、民間資本では満たしにくい目的のために公的資本の移動が要求されるからである。公的資本移動は、各国政府間で直接取引される2国間の公的援助と、国際復興開発銀行(世界銀行)、国際開発協会(第二世銀)などのような国際機関、アフリカ開発銀行、米州開発銀行、アジア開発銀行などのような地域的開発機関を経由する場合とがある。 [相原 光] 資本移動の誘因民間資本移動の誘因には次のようなものがある。すなわち、短期資本の場合には、為替相場・利子率の国際的不均衡、あるいは変動の見込みに対応して移動するものと、資本の価値の安全を図り危険を回避するために行われる資本逃避とがある。これらはいずれも投資家が主体的に資本を移動させるものであるから自発的資本移動といわれ、これに対し、国際収支のほかの項目、たとえば長期資本移動や貿易に伴って行われる短期資本移動を誘発的資本移動という。長期資本の場合には、国際間の利潤率・利子率の差により、低利潤・低利子率国から高利潤・高利子率国へと移動する。直接投資の場合にも、資源や労働力、あるいは市場を確保しやすく、経営資源がより高い利潤をあげうる国へ移動するのである。同じ工業国間でも、その経営資源は異なるから、工業国間相互の国際資本移動もおこりうる。 公的資本移動の場合には、国際機関を中心とする国際協力を進めるためのもの、外交上、政治上の要因に基づくもの、輸出促進や原料確保など経済政策の一環として行われるもの、などがある。 [相原 光] マクロ経済と国際資本移動国際間の財、サービスの輸出入収支である経常収支は、政府財政収支が均衡、外貨準備が増減なしと仮定すると、貯蓄と投資の差額に等しい。つまり、経常収支=貯蓄-投資が成り立つ。経常収支が黒字であれば、貯蓄は投資を上回り、その差は海外に投資されることになる。逆に経常収支が赤字であれば、国内は貯蓄不足で、外国からの投資の流入でそれを埋め合わせる。このように、たとえ日本の民間資本個々の国際投資の流れは外国への投資と外国からの投資の受入れとが交錯していても、マクロ的にみれば国際資本移動は一国とほかの国との間の財、サービスの移転を通じて、貯蓄と投資のアンバランスを埋め合わせるという機能を果たしているのである。 [相原 光] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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